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// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.24;

import {IERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import {SafeERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import {AccessControl} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/AccessControl.sol";
import {ReentrancyGuard} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
import {Address} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Address.sol";
import {Pausable} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Pausable.sol";
import {AggregatorV3Interface} from "@chainlink/contracts/src/v0.8/interfaces/AggregatorV3Interface.sol";
import {TokenSaleRegistry} from "./TokenSaleRegistry.sol";

/**
 * @title Pre-sale Contract for SNOVA Tokens
 * @dev Manages the pre-sale phase of SNOVA tokens, incorporating price feeds for dynamic pricing and allowing for contributions
 * in the native currency and other stablecoins (USDT, USDC, DAI). This contract leverages the OpenZeppelin library for role management,
 * token safety, reentrancy checks, and operational controls (pause/unpause). It is closely tied to the TokenSaleRegistry, from which
 * it retrieves information about token sale rounds and referral incentives, ensuring consistent and secure transaction processing.
 *
 * Key functionalities include token purchasing, token and native currency recovery, and configuration of operational parameters.
 */
contract PresaleSNOVA is AccessControl, ReentrancyGuard, Pausable {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using Address for address payable;

    bytes32 public constant PURCHASE_AGENT_ROLE = keccak256("PURCHASE_AGENT_ROLE");
    address internal constant NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS = 0xEeeeeEeeeEeEeeEeEeEeeEEEeeeeEeeeeeeeEEeE;

    struct Currency {
        AggregatorV3Interface priceFeed;
        uint256 decimals; // 18 or 6 depends on token and network
        bool useStaticPrice; // If true, use a static price of $1
        uint256 totalCollected; // Total collected amount of the currency
    }

    TokenSaleRegistry private _presaleStorage;
    mapping(address => Currency) private _currencies; // Mapping to store whitelisted currencies for purchase
    mapping(address => uint256) private _novaPoints; // Mapping to store Nova Points for each user
    mapping(address => uint256) private _referralCount; // Mapping to store referral count for each user
    mapping(address => bool) private _hasPurchased; // Mapping to track if a user has already made a purchase
    mapping(address => address) private _referrer; // Mapping to track referrer for each user
    uint256 private _priceThresholdSeconds;

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the price threshold time is updated.
     * @param priceFeedTimeThreshold New threshold in seconds for price feed update times.
     */
    event PriceThresholdUpdated(uint256 priceFeedTimeThreshold);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when native currency is retrieved from the contract.
     * @param amount The amount of native currency retrieved.
     */
    event NativeCurrencyRetrieved(uint256 amount);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when ERC20 tokens are retrieved from the contract.
     * @param token The address of the ERC20 token retrieved.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens retrieved.
     */
    event TokensRetrieved(address token, uint256 amount);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when tokens are purchased during the pre-sale.
     * @param user The address of the user who purchased the tokens.
     * @param ref The referral address provided.
     * @param amount The amount of native currency used for the purchase.
     * @param price The price of the token at the moment of purchase.
     * @param sold The number of tokens sold in the transaction.
     * @param round The current round of the sale during which the purchase was made.
     * @param investmentUSD The amount the user invested in USD.
     * @param currencyPrice The price of the currency during the purchase.
     * @param novaPoints The number of Nova Points awarded.
     */
    event TokensPurchased(
        address indexed user,
        address indexed ref,
        uint256 amount,
        uint256 price,
        uint256 sold,
        uint256 round,
        uint256 investmentUSD,
        int256 currencyPrice,
        uint256 novaPoints
    );

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when Nova Points are awarded to a user or referrer.
     * @param user The address of the user receiving the Nova Points.
     * @param points The number of Nova Points awarded.
     */
    event NovaPointsAwarded(address indexed user, uint256 points);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a referral is registered.
     * @param referrer The address of the referrer.
     */
    event ReferralRegistered(address indexed referrer);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when trying to purchase with a currency that is not whitelisted.
     */
    error ErrCurrencyNotWhitelisted();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when attempting an operation while the sale is not active.
     */
    error ErrSaleNotActive();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when attempting to interact with a sale round that is closed.
     */
    error ErrRoundClosed();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when a null address is provided where a valid address is required.
     */
    error ErrNullAddress();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an invalid decimals value is provided.
     */
    error ErrInvalidDecimals();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the `amount_` parameter is not 0 for native currency purchases.
     */
    error ErrAmountValidation();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when `msg.value` is not 0 for ERC20 token purchases.
     */
    error ErrValueValidation();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the price threshold is set to an invalid value.
     */
    error ErrInvalidPriceThreshold();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the presale price is invalid (e.g., zero).
     */
    error ErrInvalidPrice();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an allocation error occurs in a sale round due to supply limits.
     */
    error ErrRoundAllocation();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the price feed update is beyond the acceptable time threshold.
     */
    error ErrPriceThreshold();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when a user address provided is a null address.
     */
    error ErrUserNullAddress();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the native currency amount for a purchase is zero.
     */
    error ErrAmountZero();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an invalid referral is used.
     */
    error ErrReferral();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when a transfer of funds fails.
     */
    error ErrTransferFailure();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the amount provided is below the minimum required.
     * @param amount_ The amount provided.
     * @param min_ The minimum required amount.
     */
    error ErrMin(uint256 amount_, uint256 min_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the amount provided exceeds the maximum allowed.
     * @param amount_ The amount provided.
     * @param max_ The maximum allowed amount.
     */
    error ErrMax(uint256 amount_, uint256 max_);

    /**
     * @notice Initializes a new PresaleSNOVA contract with necessary configuration.
     * @dev Sets up roles, price feed interface, and initial thresholds.
     * Assigns the DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE to the deployer, ensuring control over critical functions.
     * @param storage_ Address of the TokenSaleRegistry, storing sale rounds and referral details.
     * @param priceThresholdSeconds_ Time threshold to validate the recency of price updates.
     */
    constructor(address payable storage_, uint256 priceThresholdSeconds_) {
        if (storage_ == address(0)) {
            revert ErrNullAddress();
        }
        if (priceThresholdSeconds_ == 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidPriceThreshold();
        }

        _presaleStorage = TokenSaleRegistry(storage_);
        _priceThresholdSeconds = priceThresholdSeconds_;

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @notice Adds a new currency and its associated price feed.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * Validates the `tokenAddress_` and `decimals_`.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token.  Use `NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS` (0xEeeeeEeeeEeEeeEeEeEeeEEEeeeeEeeeeeeeEEeE) to represent the native currency.
     * @param priceFeed_ The address of the new price feed, or zero address for static price.
     * @param decimals_ The decimals used by the currency.
     * @param useStaticPrice_ If true, use a static price of $1 instead of a price feed.
     * Reverts with `ErrNullAddress` if `tokenAddress_` is zero.
     * Reverts with `ErrInvalidDecimals` if `decimals_` is zero or greater than 18.
     */
    function addCurrency(
        address tokenAddress_,
        address priceFeed_,
        uint256 decimals_,
        bool useStaticPrice_
    ) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (tokenAddress_ == address(0)) {
            revert ErrNullAddress();
        }
        if (decimals_ == 0 || decimals_ > 18) {
            revert ErrInvalidDecimals();
        }
        _addCurrency(tokenAddress_, priceFeed_, decimals_, useStaticPrice_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Pauses the contract, preventing operations like token purchase.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     */
    function pause() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _pause();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Unpauses the contract, allowing operations like token purchase to resume.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     */
    function unpause() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        _unpause();
    }

    /**
     * @notice Purchases tokens using the specified currency directly sent to the contract.
     * @dev Validates the `tokenAddress_` to ensure it is not the zero address unless it's the native currency address.
     * @param ref_ Optional referral address provided by the user to potentially earn referral bonuses.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or the native currency address.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency to be used for purchase. For native currency, this should be 0 as `msg.value` is used.
     * @notice Reverts with `ErrNullAddress` if `tokenAddress_` is the zero address and not the native currency address.
     * Reverts if the currency is not whitelisted, the sale is not active, or the round is closed.
     */
    function purchaseTokens(address ref_, address tokenAddress_, uint256 amount_) external payable nonReentrant {
        if (tokenAddress_ == address(0)) {
            revert ErrNullAddress();
        }
        if (_currencies[tokenAddress_].decimals == 0) {
            revert ErrCurrencyNotWhitelisted();
        }
        if (tokenAddress_ == NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS) {
            if (amount_ != 0) {
                revert ErrAmountValidation();
            }
            _processPurchase(_msgSender(), ref_, tokenAddress_, msg.value, false);
        } else {
            if (msg.value != 0) {
                revert ErrValueValidation();
            }
            _processPurchase(_msgSender(), ref_, tokenAddress_, amount_, false);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Enables a designated purchase agent to buy tokens on behalf of another user using the specified currency sent with the transaction.
     * This action must comply with the terms set for the current sale round in the TokenSaleRegistry.
     * @dev This function can be invoked by any user possessing the `PURCHASE_AGENT_ROLE` when the contract is not paused.
     * It is designed to facilitate purchases where the actual buyer cannot interact directly with the contract.
     * @param user_ The address of the user for whom the tokens are being purchased.
     * @param ref_ Optional referral address provided to potentially earn referral bonuses.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or zero address for native currency.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency to be used for purchase. For native currency, this should be 0 as `msg.value` is used.
     * @notice Reverts if the currency is not whitelisted, the sale is not active, or the round is closed.
     */
    function purchaseTokensFor(
        address user_,
        address ref_,
        address tokenAddress_,
        uint256 amount_
    ) external payable onlyRole(PURCHASE_AGENT_ROLE) nonReentrant {
        if (_currencies[tokenAddress_].decimals == 0) {
            revert ErrCurrencyNotWhitelisted();
        }

        if (tokenAddress_ == NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS) {
            if (amount_ != 0) {
                revert ErrAmountValidation();
            }
            _processPurchase(user_, ref_, tokenAddress_, msg.value, true);
        } else {
            if (msg.value != 0) {
                revert ErrValueValidation();
            }
            _processPurchase(user_, ref_, tokenAddress_, amount_, true);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the time threshold for considering the price feed valid.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @param priceThresholdSeconds_ The new time threshold in seconds.
     * Emits a {PriceThresholdUpdated} event on successful update.
     */
    function setPriceThreshold(uint256 priceThresholdSeconds_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (priceThresholdSeconds_ == 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidPriceThreshold();
        }
        _priceThresholdSeconds = priceThresholdSeconds_;
        emit PriceThresholdUpdated(priceThresholdSeconds_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves native currency sent to the contract.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @notice Requires successful transfer to the caller.
     * Emits a {NativeCurrencyRetrieved} event on successful retrieval.
     */
    function retrieveNativeCurrency() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) nonReentrant {
        uint256 balance = address(this).balance;
        Address.sendValue(payable(_msgSender()), balance);
        emit NativeCurrencyRetrieved(balance);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves ERC20 tokens sent to the contract.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @param token_ The address of the ERC20 token to retrieve.
     * @param amount_ The amount of tokens to retrieve.
     * Emits a {TokensRetrieved} event on successful retrieval.
     */
    function retrieveTokens(address token_, uint256 amount_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) nonReentrant {
        IERC20(token_).safeTransfer(_msgSender(), amount_);
        emit TokensRetrieved(token_, amount_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the address of the token sale storage contract.
     * @dev Returns the current address stored in `_presaleStorage`.
     * @return address The address of the token sale registry.
     */
    function getStorage() external view returns (address) {
        return address(_presaleStorage);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the total amount of token or native currency collected through sales.
     * @dev Accesses the Currency from `_currencies` to provide the total collected funds.
     * @return uint256 The total amount of token or native currency collected.
     */
    function getTotalCollected(address tokenAddress_) external view returns (uint256) {
        Currency memory currency = _currencies[tokenAddress_];
        return currency.totalCollected;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Gets the current threshold for price updates, in seconds.
     * @dev Returns the time period in seconds that is considered acceptable for a price update delay.
     * @return uint256 The current price update threshold in seconds.
     */
    function getPriceThreshold() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _priceThresholdSeconds;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the referral count for a user.
     * @param user_ The address of the user to retrieve the referral count for.
     * @return uint256 The referral count for the specified user.
     */
    function getReferralCount(address user_) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _referralCount[user_];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the address of the price feed contract used for pricing information.
     * @dev Returns the current address stored in `_currencies`.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for price feed, or zero address for native currency.
     * @return address The address of the price feed contract.
     */
    function getPriceFeed(address tokenAddress_) external view returns (address) {
        return address(_currencies[tokenAddress_].priceFeed);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the Nova Points balance for a user.
     * @param user_ The address of the user to retrieve the Nova Points balance for.
     * @return uint256 The Nova Points balance for the specified user.
     */
    function getNovaPoints(address user_) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _novaPoints[user_];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Adds a new currency and its associated price feed to the internal storage.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token to be added as a new currency.
     *                      Use `NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS` (0xEeeeeEeeeEeEeeEeEeEeeEEEeeeeEeeeeeeeEEeE) to represent the native currency.
     * @param priceFeed_ The address of the `AggregatorV3Interface` price feed contract.
     *                    If `useStaticPrice_` is `true`, this can be the zero address.
     *                    For the native currency, a valid price feed should be provided unless `useStaticPrice_` is `true`.
     * @param decimals_ The number of decimals the currency uses. Typically aligns with the ERC20 token's decimals.
     *                  For the native currency, use the standard decimal representation (e.g., 18 for Ether).
     * @param useStaticPrice_ Determines whether to use a static price of $1 for the currency instead of fetching from a price feed.
     */
    function _addCurrency(address tokenAddress_, address priceFeed_, uint256 decimals_, bool useStaticPrice_) internal {
        _currencies[tokenAddress_] = Currency(AggregatorV3Interface(priceFeed_), decimals_, useStaticPrice_, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Internal function to handle the purchase of tokens during the pre-sale.
     * This function orchestrates several key operations:
     * - Validation of the input parameters and state conditions to ensure the purchase can proceed.
     * - Interaction with the TokenSaleRegistry to retrieve and validate the current sale round.
     * - Calculation of the number of tokens that can be bought based on the native currency provided and the current token price.
     * - Handling of referral rewards if a valid referral is provided.
     * - Transfer of funds to the treasury and issuance of tokens and referral rewards.
     * - Calculation and awarding of Nova Points to the user.
     * - Calculation and awarding of Nova Points to the referrer, if applicable.
     * Each step involves checks and balances to ensure transaction integrity and security.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param ref_ Optional referral address that may entitle the referrer to rewards, if applicable.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or zero address for native currency.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency to be used for purchase.
     * @param max_ Indicates whether the transaction should respect the maximum limit for contributions.
     * @return uint256 The number of tokens that were sold to the user.
     * Emits a {TokensPurchased} event upon successful completion of the purchase.
     * Emits a {NovaPointsAwarded} event when Nova Points are awarded to the user and the referrer.
     * @notice Reverts if the contract is paused, `user_` is a null address, the amount is zero, the sale is not active,
     * the sale round is closed, or the funds transfer fails.
     */
    function _processPurchase(
        address user_,
        address ref_,
        address tokenAddress_,
        uint256 amount_,
        bool max_
    ) internal whenNotPaused returns (uint256) {
        _validatePurchaseParameters(user_, ref_, amount_);
        TokenSaleRegistry.Round memory round = _getAndValidateSaleRound();
        uint256 tokensToSell = _calculateTokensToSell(amount_, tokenAddress_, round);
        uint256 funds = _calculateFundsInUSD(tokenAddress_, amount_);
        _validateFundsAndLimits(user_, funds, max_);

        ref_ = _handleReferral(user_, ref_);

        Currency storage currency = _currencies[tokenAddress_];
        int256 currencyPrice = _getCurrencyPrice(currency);

        (address ref, uint256 coinFunds, uint256 tokenFunds) = _calculateReferralRewards(
            user_,
            ref_,
            amount_,
            tokenAddress_
        );
        _transferPurchaseFunds(tokenAddress_, amount_, coinFunds);

        _recordSale(user_, tokenAddress_, funds, tokensToSell, ref_, coinFunds, tokenFunds);
        uint256 novaPoints = _awardNovaPoints(user_, funds);

        _updateCurrencyCollectedAmount(currency, amount_);

        _emitTokensPurchased(user_, ref, amount_, tokensToSell, funds, currencyPrice, novaPoints);
        _handleReferrerRewards(user_, ref, novaPoints);

        return tokensToSell;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Validates the input parameters for the purchase.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param ref_ The referral address provided by the user.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency to be used for purchase.
     * @notice Reverts if the user address is null, user address equals referral address,
     * the amount is zero, or the sale is not active.
     */
    function _validatePurchaseParameters(address user_, address ref_, uint256 amount_) internal view {
        if (user_ == address(0)) revert ErrUserNullAddress();
        if (user_ == ref_) revert ErrReferral();
        if (amount_ == 0) revert ErrAmountZero();
        if (!_presaleStorage.isActive()) revert ErrSaleNotActive();
    }

    /**
     * @dev Retrieves and validates the current sale round from the TokenSaleRegistry.
     * @return TokenSaleRegistry.Round memory The current sale round.
     * @notice Reverts if the sale round is not started.
     */
    function _getAndValidateSaleRound() internal view returns (TokenSaleRegistry.Round memory) {
        TokenSaleRegistry.Round memory round = _presaleStorage.getRound(_presaleStorage.getCurrentRound());
        if (round.state != TokenSaleRegistry.State.Started) revert ErrRoundClosed();
        return round;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates the number of tokens to sell based on the provided amount and token address.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency to be used for purchase.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or zero address for native currency.
     * @param round The current sale round information.
     * @return uint256 The number of tokens to sell.
     * @notice Reverts if the round allocation is insufficient.
     */
    function _calculateTokensToSell(
        uint256 amount_,
        address tokenAddress_,
        TokenSaleRegistry.Round memory round
    ) internal view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 tokensToSell = _calculateTokensSold(amount_, tokenAddress_);
        if (round.supply < round.sold + tokensToSell) revert ErrRoundAllocation();
        return tokensToSell;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Validates the provided funds against the minimum and maximum limits.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param funds The amount of funds calculated in USD.
     * @param max_ Indicates whether the transaction should respect the maximum limit for contributions.
     * @notice Reverts if the funds are below the minimum or above the user's limit.
     */
    function _validateFundsAndLimits(address user_, uint256 funds, bool max_) internal view {
        if (_presaleStorage.getMin() > funds) revert ErrMin(funds, _presaleStorage.getMin());
        uint256 limit = max_ ? _presaleStorage.maxLimitOf(user_) : _presaleStorage.limitOf(user_);
        if (limit < funds) revert ErrMax(funds, limit);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Handles the referral logic by checking and updating the referral information.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param ref_ The referral address provided by the user.
     * @return address The updated referral address.
     */
    function _handleReferral(address user_, address ref_) internal returns (address) {
        if (_hasPurchased[user_]) {
            ref_ = _referrer[user_];
        } else {
            _referrer[user_] = ref_;
        }
        return ref_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Retrieves the current price of the currency.
     * @param currency The currency information.
     * @return int256 The current price of the currency.
     */
    function _getCurrencyPrice(Currency storage currency) internal view returns (int256) {
        return currency.useStaticPrice ? int256(1e8) : _getLatestPrice(currency.priceFeed);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Records the sale by processing and recording the sale details in the presale storage.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase.
     * @param funds The amount of funds calculated in USD.
     * @param tokensToSell The number of tokens to be sold.
     * @param ref_ The referral address.
     * @param coinFunds The funds associated with the referral in coins.
     * @param tokenFunds The funds associated with the referral in tokens.
     */
    function _recordSale(
        address user_,
        address tokenAddress_,
        uint256 funds,
        uint256 tokensToSell,
        address ref_,
        uint256 coinFunds,
        uint256 tokenFunds
    ) internal {
        _presaleStorage.processAndRecordSale(user_, tokenAddress_, funds, tokensToSell, ref_, coinFunds, tokenFunds);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Awards Nova Points to the user based on the provided funds.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param funds The amount of funds calculated in USD.
     * @return uint256 The number of Nova Points awarded to the user.
     */
    function _awardNovaPoints(address user_, uint256 funds) internal returns (uint256) {
        uint256 novaPoints = _calculateNovaPoints(funds);
        _novaPoints[user_] += novaPoints;
        return novaPoints;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates the total collected amount for the given currency.
     * @param currency The currency information.
     * @param amount_ The amount to be added to the total collected amount.
     */
    function _updateCurrencyCollectedAmount(Currency storage currency, uint256 amount_) internal {
        currency.totalCollected += amount_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Emits the TokensPurchased and NovaPointsAwarded events.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param ref The referral address.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency used for purchase.
     * @param tokensToSell The number of tokens sold.
     * @param funds The amount of funds calculated in USD.
     * @param currencyPrice The current price of the currency.
     * @param novaPoints The number of Nova Points awarded to the user.
     */
    function _emitTokensPurchased(
        address user_,
        address ref,
        uint256 amount_,
        uint256 tokensToSell,
        uint256 funds,
        int256 currencyPrice,
        uint256 novaPoints
    ) internal {
        uint256 snovaPrice = _presaleStorage.getPrice();
        emit TokensPurchased(
            user_,
            ref,
            amount_,
            snovaPrice,
            tokensToSell,
            _presaleStorage.getCurrentRound(),
            funds,
            currencyPrice,
            novaPoints
        );
        emit NovaPointsAwarded(user_, novaPoints);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Handles the rewards for the referrer by awarding Nova Points and updating referral information.
     * @param user_ The address of the user who is making the purchase.
     * @param ref The referral address.
     * @param novaPoints The number of Nova Points awarded to the user.
     */
    function _handleReferrerRewards(address user_, address ref, uint256 novaPoints) internal {
        if (ref != address(0)) {
            uint256 referrerNovaPoints = (novaPoints * 20) / 100;
            _novaPoints[ref] += referrerNovaPoints;
            emit NovaPointsAwarded(ref, referrerNovaPoints);
            if (!_hasPurchased[user_]) {
                _hasPurchased[user_] = true;
                _referralCount[ref] += 1;
                emit ReferralRegistered(ref);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Retrieves the latest price from the price feed and ensures the data is recent and valid.
     * Adds a check to ensure the price is greater than zero.
     * @param priceFeed The price feed contract.
     * @return int256 The latest price.
     * @notice Reverts with `ErrPriceThreshold` if the price feed update is beyond the acceptable time threshold.
     * Reverts with `ErrInvalidPrice` if the price is zero or negative.
     */
    function _getLatestPrice(AggregatorV3Interface priceFeed) internal view returns (int256) {
        (, int256 price, , uint256 updatedAt, ) = priceFeed.latestRoundData();
        if (block.timestamp - updatedAt > _priceThresholdSeconds) {
            revert ErrPriceThreshold();
        }
        if (price <= 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidPrice();
        }
        return price;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a specified amount of tokens (native currency, USDT, USDC, or DAI) into its equivalent value in USD.
     * This conversion is based on the latest available price of the native currency in terms of USD.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or zero address for native currency.
     * @param amount_ The amount of tokens to be converted.
     * @return uint256 The equivalent amount in USD.
     */
    function _calculateFundsInUSD(address tokenAddress_, uint256 amount_) internal view returns (uint256) {
        Currency storage currency = _currencies[tokenAddress_];
        uint8 decimals = currency.useStaticPrice ? 8 : currency.priceFeed.decimals();
        int256 price = currency.useStaticPrice ? int256(1e8) : _getLatestPrice(currency.priceFeed);

        uint256 amountAdjusted = currency.decimals == 6 ? amount_ * 1e12 : amount_;

        return (amountAdjusted * uint256(price)) / (10 ** decimals);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates the number of tokens that can be purchased with a given amount of currency.
     * Includes a check to prevent division by zero if the presale price is zero.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency provided for the purchase.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or the native currency address.
     * @return uint256 The calculated number of tokens that can be bought with the specified amount of currency.
     * @notice Reverts with `ErrInvalidPrice` if the presale price is zero.
     */
    function _calculateTokensSold(uint256 amount_, address tokenAddress_) internal view returns (uint256) {
        Currency storage currency = _currencies[tokenAddress_];
        uint8 decimals = currency.useStaticPrice ? 8 : currency.priceFeed.decimals();
        int256 price = currency.useStaticPrice ? int256(1e8) : _getLatestPrice(currency.priceFeed);

        uint256 amountAdjusted = currency.decimals == 6 ? amount_ * 1e12 : amount_;
        uint256 presalePrice = _presaleStorage.getPrice();

        if (presalePrice == 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidPrice();
        }

        return (amountAdjusted * uint256(price) * 1e18) / (presalePrice * (10 ** decimals));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates the referral rewards based on the purchase amount and the rates applicable to the referrer.
     * Handles different decimals for different tokens.
     * @param user_ The user who made the purchase.
     * @param ref_ The referral address.
     * @param amount_ The amount of currency used in the purchase.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or zero address for native currency.
     * @return address The effective referral address.
     * @return uint256 The amount of native currency as a referral reward.
     * @return uint256 The amount of tokens as a referral reward.
     */
    function _calculateReferralRewards(
        address user_,
        address ref_,
        uint256 amount_,
        address tokenAddress_
    ) internal view returns (address, uint256, uint256) {
        address ref = _presaleStorage.getRef(user_, ref_);
        if (ref == address(0)) {
            return (ref, 0, 0);
        }

        (uint256 fRate, uint256 sRate) = _presaleStorage.getRefRates(ref);

        uint256 coinFunds = (amount_ * fRate) / 1000;
        uint256 tokenFunds = (amount_ * sRate) / 1000;

        uint256 tokenSold = _calculateTokensSold(tokenFunds, tokenAddress_);

        return (ref, coinFunds, tokenSold);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfers the purchase funds and referral rewards to the appropriate recipients.
     *      Handles different decimal places for currencies and ensures precise calculations.
     * @param tokenAddress_ The address of the ERC20 token used for purchase, or zero address for native currency.
     * @param amount_ The total amount of the currency used for purchase.
     * @param reward_ The amount of the currency to be transferred as a referral reward.
     */
    function _transferPurchaseFunds(address tokenAddress_, uint256 amount_, uint256 reward_) internal {
        address treasury = _presaleStorage.getFundsWallet();

        if (tokenAddress_ != NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS) {
            IERC20(tokenAddress_).safeTransferFrom(_msgSender(), treasury, amount_ - reward_);

            if (reward_ > 0) {
                IERC20(tokenAddress_).safeTransferFrom(_msgSender(), address(_presaleStorage), reward_);
            }
        } else {
            Address.sendValue(payable(treasury), amount_ - reward_);

            if (reward_ > 0) {
                Address.sendValue(payable(address(_presaleStorage)), reward_);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the number of Nova Points awarded based on the investment amount in USD.
     * @dev The investment amount is in USD and the multipliers are predefined for different investment ranges.
     * @param investment_ The investment amount in USD (in 18 decimal places).
     * @return The number of Nova Points awarded.
     */
    function _calculateNovaPoints(uint256 investment_) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 multiplier = 0;
        if (investment_ >= 20000 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 20;
        } else if (investment_ >= 15000 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 16;
        } else if (investment_ >= 10000 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 13;
        } else if (investment_ >= 5000 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 10;
        } else if (investment_ >= 1000 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 9;
        } else if (investment_ >= 500 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 8;
        } else if (investment_ >= 250 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 7;
        } else if (investment_ >= 50 * 1e18) {
            multiplier = 6;
        }

        return (investment_ * multiplier) / 1e18;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Fallback function to allow the contract to receive Ether directly.
     */
    receive() external payable {}
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface AggregatorV3Interface {
  function decimals() external view returns (uint8);

  function description() external view returns (string memory);

  function version() external view returns (uint256);

  function getRoundData(
    uint80 _roundId
  ) external view returns (uint80 roundId, int256 answer, uint256 startedAt, uint256 updatedAt, uint80 answeredInRound);

  function latestRoundData()
    external
    view
    returns (uint80 roundId, int256 answer, uint256 startedAt, uint256 updatedAt, uint80 answeredInRound);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (access/AccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IAccessControl} from "./IAccessControl.sol";
import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";
import {ERC165} from "../utils/introspection/ERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module that allows children to implement role-based access
 * control mechanisms. This is a lightweight version that doesn't allow enumerating role
 * members except through off-chain means by accessing the contract event logs. Some
 * applications may benefit from on-chain enumerability, for those cases see
 * {AccessControlEnumerable}.
 *
 * Roles are referred to by their `bytes32` identifier. These should be exposed
 * in the external API and be unique. The best way to achieve this is by
 * using `public constant` hash digests:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * bytes32 public constant MY_ROLE = keccak256("MY_ROLE");
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be used to represent a set of permissions. To restrict access to a
 * function call, use {hasRole}:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function foo() public {
 *     require(hasRole(MY_ROLE, msg.sender));
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be granted and revoked dynamically via the {grantRole} and
 * {revokeRole} functions. Each role has an associated admin role, and only
 * accounts that have a role's admin role can call {grantRole} and {revokeRole}.
 *
 * By default, the admin role for all roles is `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, which means
 * that only accounts with this role will be able to grant or revoke other
 * roles. More complex role relationships can be created by using
 * {_setRoleAdmin}.
 *
 * WARNING: The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is also its own admin: it has permission to
 * grant and revoke this role. Extra precautions should be taken to secure
 * accounts that have been granted it. We recommend using {AccessControlDefaultAdminRules}
 * to enforce additional security measures for this role.
 */
abstract contract AccessControl is Context, IAccessControl, ERC165 {
    struct RoleData {
        mapping(address account => bool) hasRole;
        bytes32 adminRole;
    }

    mapping(bytes32 role => RoleData) private _roles;

    bytes32 public constant DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE = 0x00;

    /**
     * @dev Modifier that checks that an account has a specific role. Reverts
     * with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error including the required role.
     */
    modifier onlyRole(bytes32 role) {
        _checkRole(role);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IAccessControl).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _roles[role].hasRole[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `_msgSender()`
     * is missing `role`. Overriding this function changes the behavior of the {onlyRole} modifier.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role) internal view virtual {
        _checkRole(role, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with an {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount} error if `account`
     * is missing `role`.
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal view virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            revert AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(account, role);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) public view virtual returns (bytes32) {
        return _roles[role].adminRole;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been revoked `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) public virtual {
        if (callerConfirmation != _msgSender()) {
            revert AccessControlBadConfirmation();
        }

        _revokeRole(role, callerConfirmation);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `adminRole` as ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * Emits a {RoleAdminChanged} event.
     */
    function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual {
        bytes32 previousAdminRole = getRoleAdmin(role);
        _roles[role].adminRole = adminRole;
        emit RoleAdminChanged(role, previousAdminRole, adminRole);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to grant `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was granted.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].hasRole[account] = true;
            emit RoleGranted(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Attempts to revoke `role` to `account` and returns a boolean indicating if `role` was revoked.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual returns (bool) {
        if (hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].hasRole[account] = false;
            emit RoleRevoked(role, account, _msgSender());
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (access/IAccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControl declared to support ERC-165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControl {
    /**
     * @dev The `account` is missing a role.
     */
    error AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount(address account, bytes32 neededRole);

    /**
     * @dev The caller of a function is not the expected one.
     *
     * NOTE: Don't confuse with {AccessControlUnauthorizedAccount}.
     */
    error AccessControlBadConfirmation();

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole`
     *
     * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite
     * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this.
     */
    event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call. This account bears the admin role (for the granted role).
     * Expected in cases where the role was granted using the internal {AccessControl-_grantRole}.
     */
    event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call:
     *   - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer
     *   - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`)
     */
    event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) external view returns (bytes32);

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `callerConfirmation`.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address callerConfirmation) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (interfaces/IERC1363.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC20} from "./IERC20.sol";
import {IERC165} from "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @title IERC1363
 * @dev Interface of the ERC-1363 standard as defined in the https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1363[ERC-1363].
 *
 * Defines an extension interface for ERC-20 tokens that supports executing code on a recipient contract
 * after `transfer` or `transferFrom`, or code on a spender contract after `approve`, in a single transaction.
 */
interface IERC1363 is IERC20, IERC165 {
    /*
     * Note: the ERC-165 identifier for this interface is 0xb0202a11.
     * 0xb0202a11 ===
     *   bytes4(keccak256('transferAndCall(address,uint256)')) ^
     *   bytes4(keccak256('transferAndCall(address,uint256,bytes)')) ^
     *   bytes4(keccak256('transferFromAndCall(address,address,uint256)')) ^
     *   bytes4(keccak256('transferFromAndCall(address,address,uint256,bytes)')) ^
     *   bytes4(keccak256('approveAndCall(address,uint256)')) ^
     *   bytes4(keccak256('approveAndCall(address,uint256,bytes)'))
     */

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`
     * and then calls {IERC1363Receiver-onTransferReceived} on `to`.
     * @param to The address which you want to transfer to.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be transferred.
     * @return A boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded unless throwing.
     */
    function transferAndCall(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`
     * and then calls {IERC1363Receiver-onTransferReceived} on `to`.
     * @param to The address which you want to transfer to.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be transferred.
     * @param data Additional data with no specified format, sent in call to `to`.
     * @return A boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded unless throwing.
     */
    function transferAndCall(address to, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the allowance mechanism
     * and then calls {IERC1363Receiver-onTransferReceived} on `to`.
     * @param from The address which you want to send tokens from.
     * @param to The address which you want to transfer to.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be transferred.
     * @return A boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded unless throwing.
     */
    function transferFromAndCall(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the allowance mechanism
     * and then calls {IERC1363Receiver-onTransferReceived} on `to`.
     * @param from The address which you want to send tokens from.
     * @param to The address which you want to transfer to.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be transferred.
     * @param data Additional data with no specified format, sent in call to `to`.
     * @return A boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded unless throwing.
     */
    function transferFromAndCall(address from, address to, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the
     * caller's tokens and then calls {IERC1363Spender-onApprovalReceived} on `spender`.
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be spent.
     * @return A boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded unless throwing.
     */
    function approveAndCall(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the
     * caller's tokens and then calls {IERC1363Spender-onApprovalReceived} on `spender`.
     * @param spender The address which will spend the funds.
     * @param value The amount of tokens to be spent.
     * @param data Additional data with no specified format, sent in call to `spender`.
     * @return A boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded unless throwing.
     */
    function approveAndCall(address spender, uint256 value, bytes calldata data) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "../utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (interfaces/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC20} from "../token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC-20 standard as defined in the ERC.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the value of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets a `value` amount of tokens as the allowance of `spender` over the
     * caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 value) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves a `value` amount of tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `value` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC20} from "../IERC20.sol";
import {IERC1363} from "../../../interfaces/IERC1363.sol";
import {Address} from "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC-20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev An operation with an ERC-20 token failed.
     */
    error SafeERC20FailedOperation(address token);

    /**
     * @dev Indicates a failed `decreaseAllowance` request.
     */
    error SafeERC20FailedDecreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 currentAllowance, uint256 requestedDecrease);

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from the calling contract to `to`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransfer(IERC20 token, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.transfer, (to, value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Transfer `value` amount of `token` from `from` to `to`, spending the approval given by `from` to the
     * calling contract. If `token` returns no value, non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(IERC20 token, address from, address to, uint256 value) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.transferFrom, (from, to, value)));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Increase the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: If the token implements ERC-7674 (ERC-20 with temporary allowance), and if the "client"
     * smart contract uses ERC-7674 to set temporary allowances, then the "client" smart contract should avoid using
     * this function. Performing a {safeIncreaseAllowance} or {safeDecreaseAllowance} operation on a token contract
     * that has a non-zero temporary allowance (for that particular owner-spender) will result in unexpected behavior.
     */
    function safeIncreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
        forceApprove(token, spender, oldAllowance + value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Decrease the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` by `requestedDecrease`. If `token` returns no
     * value, non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: If the token implements ERC-7674 (ERC-20 with temporary allowance), and if the "client"
     * smart contract uses ERC-7674 to set temporary allowances, then the "client" smart contract should avoid using
     * this function. Performing a {safeIncreaseAllowance} or {safeDecreaseAllowance} operation on a token contract
     * that has a non-zero temporary allowance (for that particular owner-spender) will result in unexpected behavior.
     */
    function safeDecreaseAllowance(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 requestedDecrease) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 currentAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            if (currentAllowance < requestedDecrease) {
                revert SafeERC20FailedDecreaseAllowance(spender, currentAllowance, requestedDecrease);
            }
            forceApprove(token, spender, currentAllowance - requestedDecrease);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Set the calling contract's allowance toward `spender` to `value`. If `token` returns no value,
     * non-reverting calls are assumed to be successful. Meant to be used with tokens that require the approval
     * to be set to zero before setting it to a non-zero value, such as USDT.
     *
     * NOTE: If the token implements ERC-7674, this function will not modify any temporary allowance. This function
     * only sets the "standard" allowance. Any temporary allowance will remain active, in addition to the value being
     * set here.
     */
    function forceApprove(IERC20 token, address spender, uint256 value) internal {
        bytes memory approvalCall = abi.encodeCall(token.approve, (spender, value));

        if (!_callOptionalReturnBool(token, approvalCall)) {
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeCall(token.approve, (spender, 0)));
            _callOptionalReturn(token, approvalCall);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs an {ERC1363} transferAndCall, with a fallback to the simple {ERC20} transfer if the target has no
     * code. This can be used to implement an {ERC721}-like safe transfer that rely on {ERC1363} checks when
     * targeting contracts.
     *
     * Reverts if the returned value is other than `true`.
     */
    function transferAndCallRelaxed(IERC1363 token, address to, uint256 value, bytes memory data) internal {
        if (to.code.length == 0) {
            safeTransfer(token, to, value);
        } else if (!token.transferAndCall(to, value, data)) {
            revert SafeERC20FailedOperation(address(token));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs an {ERC1363} transferFromAndCall, with a fallback to the simple {ERC20} transferFrom if the target
     * has no code. This can be used to implement an {ERC721}-like safe transfer that rely on {ERC1363} checks when
     * targeting contracts.
     *
     * Reverts if the returned value is other than `true`.
     */
    function transferFromAndCallRelaxed(
        IERC1363 token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value,
        bytes memory data
    ) internal {
        if (to.code.length == 0) {
            safeTransferFrom(token, from, to, value);
        } else if (!token.transferFromAndCall(from, to, value, data)) {
            revert SafeERC20FailedOperation(address(token));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs an {ERC1363} approveAndCall, with a fallback to the simple {ERC20} approve if the target has no
     * code. This can be used to implement an {ERC721}-like safe transfer that rely on {ERC1363} checks when
     * targeting contracts.
     *
     * NOTE: When the recipient address (`to`) has no code (i.e. is an EOA), this function behaves as {forceApprove}.
     * Opposedly, when the recipient address (`to`) has code, this function only attempts to call {ERC1363-approveAndCall}
     * once without retrying, and relies on the returned value to be true.
     *
     * Reverts if the returned value is other than `true`.
     */
    function approveAndCallRelaxed(IERC1363 token, address to, uint256 value, bytes memory data) internal {
        if (to.code.length == 0) {
            forceApprove(token, to, value);
        } else if (!token.approveAndCall(to, value, data)) {
            revert SafeERC20FailedOperation(address(token));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     *
     * This is a variant of {_callOptionalReturnBool} that reverts if call fails to meet the requirements.
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        uint256 returnSize;
        uint256 returnValue;
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let success := call(gas(), token, 0, add(data, 0x20), mload(data), 0, 0x20)
            // bubble errors
            if iszero(success) {
                let ptr := mload(0x40)
                returndatacopy(ptr, 0, returndatasize())
                revert(ptr, returndatasize())
            }
            returnSize := returndatasize()
            returnValue := mload(0)
        }

        if (returnSize == 0 ? address(token).code.length == 0 : returnValue != 1) {
            revert SafeERC20FailedOperation(address(token));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     *
     * This is a variant of {_callOptionalReturn} that silently catches all reverts and returns a bool instead.
     */
    function _callOptionalReturnBool(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private returns (bool) {
        bool success;
        uint256 returnSize;
        uint256 returnValue;
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            success := call(gas(), token, 0, add(data, 0x20), mload(data), 0, 0x20)
            returnSize := returndatasize()
            returnValue := mload(0)
        }
        return success && (returnSize == 0 ? address(token).code.length > 0 : returnValue == 1);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Errors} from "./Errors.sol";

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev There's no code at `target` (it is not a contract).
     */
    error AddressEmptyCode(address target);

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://consensys.net/diligence/blog/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.8.20/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        if (address(this).balance < amount) {
            revert Errors.InsufficientBalance(address(this).balance, amount);
        }

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        if (!success) {
            revert Errors.FailedCall();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason or custom error, it is bubbled
     * up by this function (like regular Solidity function calls). However, if
     * the call reverted with no returned reason, this function reverts with a
     * {Errors.FailedCall} error.
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(address target, bytes memory data, uint256 value) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        if (address(this).balance < value) {
            revert Errors.InsufficientBalance(address(this).balance, value);
        }
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and reverts if the target
     * was not a contract or bubbling up the revert reason (falling back to {Errors.FailedCall}) in case
     * of an unsuccessful call.
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            // only check if target is a contract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
            // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
            if (returndata.length == 0 && target.code.length == 0) {
                revert AddressEmptyCode(target);
            }
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and reverts if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or with a default {Errors.FailedCall} error.
     */
    function verifyCallResult(bool success, bytes memory returndata) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (!success) {
            _revert(returndata);
        } else {
            return returndata;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Reverts with returndata if present. Otherwise reverts with {Errors.FailedCall}.
     */
    function _revert(bytes memory returndata) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            assembly ("memory-safe") {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert Errors.FailedCall();
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.1) (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract Context {
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    function _contextSuffixLength() internal view virtual returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Errors.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Collection of common custom errors used in multiple contracts
 *
 * IMPORTANT: Backwards compatibility is not guaranteed in future versions of the library.
 * It is recommended to avoid relying on the error API for critical functionality.
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
library Errors {
    /**
     * @dev The ETH balance of the account is not enough to perform the operation.
     */
    error InsufficientBalance(uint256 balance, uint256 needed);

    /**
     * @dev A call to an address target failed. The target may have reverted.
     */
    error FailedCall();

    /**
     * @dev The deployment failed.
     */
    error FailedDeployment();

    /**
     * @dev A necessary precompile is missing.
     */
    error MissingPrecompile(address);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {IERC165} from "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC-165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 */
abstract contract ERC165 is IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165).interfaceId;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC-165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[ERC].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[ERC section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Panic} from "../Panic.sol";
import {SafeCast} from "./SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Floor, // Toward negative infinity
        Ceil, // Toward positive infinity
        Trunc, // Toward zero
        Expand // Away from zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the addition of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryAdd(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 c = a + b;
            if (c < a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the subtraction of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function trySub(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b > a) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a - b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the multiplication of two unsigned integers, with an success flag (no overflow).
     */
    function tryMul(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // Gas optimization: this is cheaper than requiring 'a' not being zero, but the
            // benefit is lost if 'b' is also tested.
            // See: https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/pull/522
            if (a == 0) return (true, 0);
            uint256 c = a * b;
            if (c / a != b) return (false, 0);
            return (true, c);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the division of two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a / b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remainder of dividing two unsigned integers, with a success flag (no division by zero).
     */
    function tryMod(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            if (b == 0) return (false, 0);
            return (true, a % b);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Branchless ternary evaluation for `a ? b : c`. Gas costs are constant.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: This function may reduce bytecode size and consume less gas when used standalone.
     * However, the compiler may optimize Solidity ternary operations (i.e. `a ? b : c`) to only compute
     * one branch when needed, making this function more expensive.
     */
    function ternary(bool condition, uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // branchless ternary works because:
            // b ^ (a ^ b) == a
            // b ^ 0 == b
            return b ^ ((a ^ b) * SafeCast.toUint(condition));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a > b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return ternary(a < b, a, b);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds towards infinity instead
     * of rounding towards zero.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (b == 0) {
            // Guarantee the same behavior as in a regular Solidity division.
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }

        // The following calculation ensures accurate ceiling division without overflow.
        // Since a is non-zero, (a - 1) / b will not overflow.
        // The largest possible result occurs when (a - 1) / b is type(uint256).max,
        // but the largest value we can obtain is type(uint256).max - 1, which happens
        // when a = type(uint256).max and b = 1.
        unchecked {
            return SafeCast.toUint(a > 0) * ((a - 1) / b + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or
     * denominator == 0.
     *
     * Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv) with further edits by
     * Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2²⁵⁶ and mod 2²⁵⁶ - 1, then use
            // the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2²⁵⁶ + prod0.
            uint256 prod0 = x * y; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                // Solidity will revert if denominator == 0, unlike the div opcode on its own.
                // The surrounding unchecked block does not change this fact.
                // See https://docs.soliditylang.org/en/latest/control-structures.html#checked-or-unchecked-arithmetic.
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2²⁵⁶. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            if (denominator <= prod1) {
                Panic.panic(ternary(denominator == 0, Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO, Panic.UNDER_OVERFLOW));
            }

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator.
            // Always >= 1. See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            uint256 twos = denominator & (0 - denominator);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2²⁵⁶ / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2²⁵⁶. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2²⁵⁶ such
            // that denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2²⁵⁶. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv ≡ 1 mod 2⁴.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also
            // works in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹⁶
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2³²
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2⁶⁴
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2¹²⁸
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2²⁵⁶

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2²⁵⁶. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2²⁵⁶, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(uint256 x, uint256 y, uint256 denominator, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return mulDiv(x, y, denominator) + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculate the modular multiplicative inverse of a number in Z/nZ.
     *
     * If n is a prime, then Z/nZ is a field. In that case all elements are inversible, except 0.
     * If n is not a prime, then Z/nZ is not a field, and some elements might not be inversible.
     *
     * If the input value is not inversible, 0 is returned.
     *
     * NOTE: If you know for sure that n is (big) a prime, it may be cheaper to use Fermat's little theorem and get the
     * inverse using `Math.modExp(a, n - 2, n)`. See {invModPrime}.
     */
    function invMod(uint256 a, uint256 n) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (n == 0) return 0;

            // The inverse modulo is calculated using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm (iterative version)
            // Used to compute integers x and y such that: ax + ny = gcd(a, n).
            // When the gcd is 1, then the inverse of a modulo n exists and it's x.
            // ax + ny = 1
            // ax = 1 + (-y)n
            // ax ≡ 1 (mod n) # x is the inverse of a modulo n

            // If the remainder is 0 the gcd is n right away.
            uint256 remainder = a % n;
            uint256 gcd = n;

            // Therefore the initial coefficients are:
            // ax + ny = gcd(a, n) = n
            // 0a + 1n = n
            int256 x = 0;
            int256 y = 1;

            while (remainder != 0) {
                uint256 quotient = gcd / remainder;

                (gcd, remainder) = (
                    // The old remainder is the next gcd to try.
                    remainder,
                    // Compute the next remainder.
                    // Can't overflow given that (a % gcd) * (gcd // (a % gcd)) <= gcd
                    // where gcd is at most n (capped to type(uint256).max)
                    gcd - remainder * quotient
                );

                (x, y) = (
                    // Increment the coefficient of a.
                    y,
                    // Decrement the coefficient of n.
                    // Can overflow, but the result is casted to uint256 so that the
                    // next value of y is "wrapped around" to a value between 0 and n - 1.
                    x - y * int256(quotient)
                );
            }

            if (gcd != 1) return 0; // No inverse exists.
            return ternary(x < 0, n - uint256(-x), uint256(x)); // Wrap the result if it's negative.
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {invMod}. More efficient, but only works if `p` is known to be a prime greater than `2`.
     *
     * From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_little_theorem[Fermat's little theorem], we know that if p is
     * prime, then `a**(p-1) ≡ 1 mod p`. As a consequence, we have `a * a**(p-2) ≡ 1 mod p`, which means that
     * `a**(p-2)` is the modular multiplicative inverse of a in Fp.
     *
     * NOTE: this function does NOT check that `p` is a prime greater than `2`.
     */
    function invModPrime(uint256 a, uint256 p) internal view returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            return Math.modExp(a, p - 2, p);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m)
     *
     * Requirements:
     * - modulus can't be zero
     * - underlying staticcall to precompile must succeed
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the underlying call succeeds. When using this function, make
     * sure the chain you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation
     * at address 0x05 as specified in https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise,
     * the underlying function will succeed given the lack of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly
     * interpreted as 0.
     */
    function modExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (uint256) {
        (bool success, uint256 result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the modular exponentiation of the specified base, exponent and modulus (b ** e % m).
     * It includes a success flag indicating if the operation succeeded. Operation will be marked as failed if trying
     * to operate modulo 0 or if the underlying precompile reverted.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The result is only valid if the success flag is true. When using this function, make sure the chain
     * you're using it on supports the precompiled contract for modular exponentiation at address 0x05 as specified in
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-198[EIP-198]. Otherwise, the underlying function will succeed given the lack
     * of a revert, but the result may be incorrectly interpreted as 0.
     */
    function tryModExp(uint256 b, uint256 e, uint256 m) internal view returns (bool success, uint256 result) {
        if (m == 0) return (false, 0);
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let ptr := mload(0x40)
            // | Offset    | Content    | Content (Hex)                                                      |
            // |-----------|------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|
            // | 0x00:0x1f | size of b  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x20:0x3f | size of e  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x40:0x5f | size of m  | 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000020 |
            // | 0x60:0x7f | value of b | 0x<.............................................................b> |
            // | 0x80:0x9f | value of e | 0x<.............................................................e> |
            // | 0xa0:0xbf | value of m | 0x<.............................................................m> |
            mstore(ptr, 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x20), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x40), 0x20)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x60), b)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0x80), e)
            mstore(add(ptr, 0xa0), m)

            // Given the result < m, it's guaranteed to fit in 32 bytes,
            // so we can use the memory scratch space located at offset 0.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, ptr, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x20)
            result := mload(0x00)
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {modExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function modExp(bytes memory b, bytes memory e, bytes memory m) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory result) = tryModExp(b, e, m);
        if (!success) {
            Panic.panic(Panic.DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Variant of {tryModExp} that supports inputs of arbitrary length.
     */
    function tryModExp(
        bytes memory b,
        bytes memory e,
        bytes memory m
    ) internal view returns (bool success, bytes memory result) {
        if (_zeroBytes(m)) return (false, new bytes(0));

        uint256 mLen = m.length;

        // Encode call args in result and move the free memory pointer
        result = abi.encodePacked(b.length, e.length, mLen, b, e, m);

        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            let dataPtr := add(result, 0x20)
            // Write result on top of args to avoid allocating extra memory.
            success := staticcall(gas(), 0x05, dataPtr, mload(result), dataPtr, mLen)
            // Overwrite the length.
            // result.length > returndatasize() is guaranteed because returndatasize() == m.length
            mstore(result, mLen)
            // Set the memory pointer after the returned data.
            mstore(0x40, add(dataPtr, mLen))
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether the provided byte array is zero.
     */
    function _zeroBytes(bytes memory byteArray) private pure returns (bool) {
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < byteArray.length; ++i) {
            if (byteArray[i] != 0) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded
     * towards zero.
     *
     * This method is based on Newton's method for computing square roots; the algorithm is restricted to only
     * using integer operations.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            // Take care of easy edge cases when a == 0 or a == 1
            if (a <= 1) {
                return a;
            }

            // In this function, we use Newton's method to get a root of `f(x) := x² - a`. It involves building a
            // sequence x_n that converges toward sqrt(a). For each iteration x_n, we also define the error between
            // the current value as `ε_n = | x_n - sqrt(a) |`.
            //
            // For our first estimation, we consider `e` the smallest power of 2 which is bigger than the square root
            // of the target. (i.e. `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e`). We know that `e ≤ 128` because `(2¹²⁸)² = 2²⁵⁶` is
            // bigger than any uint256.
            //
            // By noticing that
            // `2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e → (2**(e-1))² ≤ a < (2**e)² → 2**(2*e-2) ≤ a < 2**(2*e)`
            // we can deduce that `e - 1` is `log2(a) / 2`. We can thus compute `x_n = 2**(e-1)` using a method similar
            // to the msb function.
            uint256 aa = a;
            uint256 xn = 1;

            if (aa >= (1 << 128)) {
                aa >>= 128;
                xn <<= 64;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 64)) {
                aa >>= 64;
                xn <<= 32;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 32)) {
                aa >>= 32;
                xn <<= 16;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 16)) {
                aa >>= 16;
                xn <<= 8;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 8)) {
                aa >>= 8;
                xn <<= 4;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 4)) {
                aa >>= 4;
                xn <<= 2;
            }
            if (aa >= (1 << 2)) {
                xn <<= 1;
            }

            // We now have x_n such that `x_n = 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) < 2**e = 2 * x_n`. This implies ε_n ≤ 2**(e-1).
            //
            // We can refine our estimation by noticing that the middle of that interval minimizes the error.
            // If we move x_n to equal 2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2), then we reduce the error to ε_n ≤ 2**(e-2).
            // This is going to be our x_0 (and ε_0)
            xn = (3 * xn) >> 1; // ε_0 := | x_0 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-2)

            // From here, Newton's method give us:
            // x_{n+1} = (x_n + a / x_n) / 2
            //
            // One should note that:
            // x_{n+1}² - a = ((x_n + a / x_n) / 2)² - a
            //              = ((x_n² + a) / (2 * x_n))² - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²) - a
            //              = (x_n⁴ + 2 * a * x_n² + a² - 4 * a * x_n²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n⁴ - 2 * a * x_n² + a²) / (4 * x_n²)
            //              = (x_n² - a)² / (2 * x_n)²
            //              = ((x_n² - a) / (2 * x_n))²
            //              ≥ 0
            // Which proves that for all n ≥ 1, sqrt(a) ≤ x_n
            //
            // This gives us the proof of quadratic convergence of the sequence:
            // ε_{n+1} = | x_{n+1} - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n + a / x_n) / 2 - sqrt(a) |
            //         = | (x_n² + a - 2*x_n*sqrt(a)) / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | (x_n - sqrt(a))² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = | ε_n² / (2 * x_n) |
            //         = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //
            // For the first iteration, we have a special case where x_0 is known:
            // ε_1 = ε_0² / | (2 * x_0) |
            //     ≤ (2**(e-2))² / (2 * (2**(e-1) + 2**(e-2)))
            //     ≤ 2**(2*e-4) / (3 * 2**(e-1))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3) / 3
            //     ≤ 2**(e-3-log2(3))
            //     ≤ 2**(e-4.5)
            //
            // For the following iterations, we use the fact that, 2**(e-1) ≤ sqrt(a) ≤ x_n:
            // ε_{n+1} = ε_n² / | (2 * x_n) |
            //         ≤ (2**(e-k))² / (2 * 2**(e-1))
            //         ≤ 2**(2*e-2*k) / 2**e
            //         ≤ 2**(e-2*k)
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_1 := | x_1 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-4.5)  -- special case, see above
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_2 := | x_2 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-9)    -- general case with k = 4.5
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_3 := | x_3 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-18)   -- general case with k = 9
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_4 := | x_4 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-36)   -- general case with k = 18
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_5 := | x_5 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-72)   -- general case with k = 36
            xn = (xn + a / xn) >> 1; // ε_6 := | x_6 - sqrt(a) | ≤ 2**(e-144)  -- general case with k = 72

            // Because e ≤ 128 (as discussed during the first estimation phase), we know have reached a precision
            // ε_6 ≤ 2**(e-144) < 1. Given we're operating on integers, then we can ensure that xn is now either
            // sqrt(a) or sqrt(a) + 1.
            return xn - SafeCast.toUint(xn > a / xn);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && result * result < a);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        uint256 exp;
        unchecked {
            exp = 128 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 64 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 32 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 16 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 8 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 4 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 4) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            exp = 2 * SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 2) - 1);
            value >>= exp;
            result += exp;

            result += SafeCast.toUint(value > 1);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10 ** 64) {
                value /= 10 ** 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 32) {
                value /= 10 ** 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 16) {
                value /= 10 ** 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 8) {
                value /= 10 ** 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 4) {
                value /= 10 ** 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 2) {
                value /= 10 ** 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10 ** 1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 10 ** result < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256 of a positive value rounded towards zero.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        uint256 isGt;
        unchecked {
            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 128) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 128;
            result += isGt * 16;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 64) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 64;
            result += isGt * 8;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 32) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 32;
            result += isGt * 4;

            isGt = SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 16) - 1);
            value >>= isGt * 16;
            result += isGt * 2;

            result += SafeCast.toUint(value > (1 << 8) - 1);
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + SafeCast.toUint(unsignedRoundsUp(rounding) && 1 << (result << 3) < value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns whether a provided rounding mode is considered rounding up for unsigned integers.
     */
    function unsignedRoundsUp(Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (bool) {
        return uint8(rounding) % 2 == 1;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/math/SafeCast.sol)
// This file was procedurally generated from scripts/generate/templates/SafeCast.js.

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Wrappers over Solidity's uintXX/intXX/bool casting operators with added overflow
 * checks.
 *
 * Downcasting from uint256/int256 in Solidity does not revert on overflow. This can
 * easily result in undesired exploitation or bugs, since developers usually
 * assume that overflows raise errors. `SafeCast` restores this intuition by
 * reverting the transaction when such an operation overflows.
 *
 * Using this library instead of the unchecked operations eliminates an entire
 * class of bugs, so it's recommended to use it always.
 */
library SafeCast {
    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(uint8 bits, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An int value doesn't fit in an uint of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(uint8 bits, int256 value);

    /**
     * @dev An uint value doesn't fit in an int of `bits` size.
     */
    error SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint248 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toUint248(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint248) {
        if (value > type(uint248).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(248, value);
        }
        return uint248(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint240 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toUint240(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint240) {
        if (value > type(uint240).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(240, value);
        }
        return uint240(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint232 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toUint232(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint232) {
        if (value > type(uint232).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(232, value);
        }
        return uint232(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint224 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toUint224(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint224) {
        if (value > type(uint224).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(224, value);
        }
        return uint224(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint216 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toUint216(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint216) {
        if (value > type(uint216).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(216, value);
        }
        return uint216(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint208 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toUint208(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint208) {
        if (value > type(uint208).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(208, value);
        }
        return uint208(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint200 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toUint200(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint200) {
        if (value > type(uint200).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(200, value);
        }
        return uint200(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint192 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toUint192(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint192) {
        if (value > type(uint192).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(192, value);
        }
        return uint192(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint184 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toUint184(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint184) {
        if (value > type(uint184).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(184, value);
        }
        return uint184(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint176 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toUint176(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint176) {
        if (value > type(uint176).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(176, value);
        }
        return uint176(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint168 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toUint168(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint168) {
        if (value > type(uint168).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(168, value);
        }
        return uint168(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint160 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toUint160(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint160) {
        if (value > type(uint160).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(160, value);
        }
        return uint160(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint152 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toUint152(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint152) {
        if (value > type(uint152).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(152, value);
        }
        return uint152(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint144 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toUint144(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint144) {
        if (value > type(uint144).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(144, value);
        }
        return uint144(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint136 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toUint136(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint136) {
        if (value > type(uint136).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(136, value);
        }
        return uint136(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint128 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toUint128(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint128) {
        if (value > type(uint128).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(128, value);
        }
        return uint128(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint120 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toUint120(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint120) {
        if (value > type(uint120).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(120, value);
        }
        return uint120(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint112 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toUint112(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint112) {
        if (value > type(uint112).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(112, value);
        }
        return uint112(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint104 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toUint104(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint104) {
        if (value > type(uint104).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(104, value);
        }
        return uint104(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint96 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toUint96(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint96) {
        if (value > type(uint96).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(96, value);
        }
        return uint96(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint88 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toUint88(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint88) {
        if (value > type(uint88).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(88, value);
        }
        return uint88(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint80 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toUint80(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint80) {
        if (value > type(uint80).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(80, value);
        }
        return uint80(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint72 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toUint72(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint72) {
        if (value > type(uint72).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(72, value);
        }
        return uint72(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint64 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toUint64(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint64) {
        if (value > type(uint64).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(64, value);
        }
        return uint64(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint56 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toUint56(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint56) {
        if (value > type(uint56).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(56, value);
        }
        return uint56(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint48 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toUint48(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint48) {
        if (value > type(uint48).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(48, value);
        }
        return uint48(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint40 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toUint40(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint40) {
        if (value > type(uint40).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(40, value);
        }
        return uint40(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint32 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toUint32(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint32) {
        if (value > type(uint32).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(32, value);
        }
        return uint32(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint24 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toUint24(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint24) {
        if (value > type(uint24).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(24, value);
        }
        return uint24(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint16 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toUint16(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint16) {
        if (value > type(uint16).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(16, value);
        }
        return uint16(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted uint8 from uint256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is greater than largest uint8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `uint8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toUint8(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint8) {
        if (value > type(uint8).max) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintDowncast(8, value);
        }
        return uint8(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a signed int256 into an unsigned uint256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be greater than or equal to 0.
     */
    function toUint256(int256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (value < 0) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntToUint(value);
        }
        return uint256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int248 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int248 or
     * greater than largest int248).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int248` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 248 bits
     */
    function toInt248(int256 value) internal pure returns (int248 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int248(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(248, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int240 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int240 or
     * greater than largest int240).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int240` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 240 bits
     */
    function toInt240(int256 value) internal pure returns (int240 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int240(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(240, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int232 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int232 or
     * greater than largest int232).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int232` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 232 bits
     */
    function toInt232(int256 value) internal pure returns (int232 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int232(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(232, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int224 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int224 or
     * greater than largest int224).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int224` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 224 bits
     */
    function toInt224(int256 value) internal pure returns (int224 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int224(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(224, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int216 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int216 or
     * greater than largest int216).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int216` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 216 bits
     */
    function toInt216(int256 value) internal pure returns (int216 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int216(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(216, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int208 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int208 or
     * greater than largest int208).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int208` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 208 bits
     */
    function toInt208(int256 value) internal pure returns (int208 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int208(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(208, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int200 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int200 or
     * greater than largest int200).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int200` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 200 bits
     */
    function toInt200(int256 value) internal pure returns (int200 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int200(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(200, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int192 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int192 or
     * greater than largest int192).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int192` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 192 bits
     */
    function toInt192(int256 value) internal pure returns (int192 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int192(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(192, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int184 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int184 or
     * greater than largest int184).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int184` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 184 bits
     */
    function toInt184(int256 value) internal pure returns (int184 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int184(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(184, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int176 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int176 or
     * greater than largest int176).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int176` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 176 bits
     */
    function toInt176(int256 value) internal pure returns (int176 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int176(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(176, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int168 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int168 or
     * greater than largest int168).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int168` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 168 bits
     */
    function toInt168(int256 value) internal pure returns (int168 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int168(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(168, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int160 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int160 or
     * greater than largest int160).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int160` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 160 bits
     */
    function toInt160(int256 value) internal pure returns (int160 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int160(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(160, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int152 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int152 or
     * greater than largest int152).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int152` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 152 bits
     */
    function toInt152(int256 value) internal pure returns (int152 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int152(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(152, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int144 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int144 or
     * greater than largest int144).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int144` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 144 bits
     */
    function toInt144(int256 value) internal pure returns (int144 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int144(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(144, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int136 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int136 or
     * greater than largest int136).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int136` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 136 bits
     */
    function toInt136(int256 value) internal pure returns (int136 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int136(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(136, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int128 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int128 or
     * greater than largest int128).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int128` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 128 bits
     */
    function toInt128(int256 value) internal pure returns (int128 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int128(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(128, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int120 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int120 or
     * greater than largest int120).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int120` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 120 bits
     */
    function toInt120(int256 value) internal pure returns (int120 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int120(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(120, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int112 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int112 or
     * greater than largest int112).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int112` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 112 bits
     */
    function toInt112(int256 value) internal pure returns (int112 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int112(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(112, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int104 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int104 or
     * greater than largest int104).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int104` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 104 bits
     */
    function toInt104(int256 value) internal pure returns (int104 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int104(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(104, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int96 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int96 or
     * greater than largest int96).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int96` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 96 bits
     */
    function toInt96(int256 value) internal pure returns (int96 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int96(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(96, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int88 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int88 or
     * greater than largest int88).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int88` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 88 bits
     */
    function toInt88(int256 value) internal pure returns (int88 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int88(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(88, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int80 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int80 or
     * greater than largest int80).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int80` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 80 bits
     */
    function toInt80(int256 value) internal pure returns (int80 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int80(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(80, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int72 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int72 or
     * greater than largest int72).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int72` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 72 bits
     */
    function toInt72(int256 value) internal pure returns (int72 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int72(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(72, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int64 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int64 or
     * greater than largest int64).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int64` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 64 bits
     */
    function toInt64(int256 value) internal pure returns (int64 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int64(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(64, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int56 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int56 or
     * greater than largest int56).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int56` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 56 bits
     */
    function toInt56(int256 value) internal pure returns (int56 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int56(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(56, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int48 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int48 or
     * greater than largest int48).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int48` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 48 bits
     */
    function toInt48(int256 value) internal pure returns (int48 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int48(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(48, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int40 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int40 or
     * greater than largest int40).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int40` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 40 bits
     */
    function toInt40(int256 value) internal pure returns (int40 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int40(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(40, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int32 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int32 or
     * greater than largest int32).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int32` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 32 bits
     */
    function toInt32(int256 value) internal pure returns (int32 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int32(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(32, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int24 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int24 or
     * greater than largest int24).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int24` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 24 bits
     */
    function toInt24(int256 value) internal pure returns (int24 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int24(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(24, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int16 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int16 or
     * greater than largest int16).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int16` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 16 bits
     */
    function toInt16(int256 value) internal pure returns (int16 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int16(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(16, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the downcasted int8 from int256, reverting on
     * overflow (when the input is less than smallest int8 or
     * greater than largest int8).
     *
     * Counterpart to Solidity's `int8` operator.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must fit into 8 bits
     */
    function toInt8(int256 value) internal pure returns (int8 downcasted) {
        downcasted = int8(value);
        if (downcasted != value) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedIntDowncast(8, value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an unsigned uint256 into a signed int256.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - input must be less than or equal to maxInt256.
     */
    function toInt256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (int256) {
        // Note: Unsafe cast below is okay because `type(int256).max` is guaranteed to be positive
        if (value > uint256(type(int256).max)) {
            revert SafeCastOverflowedUintToInt(value);
        }
        return int256(value);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Cast a boolean (false or true) to a uint256 (0 or 1) with no jump.
     */
    function toUint(bool b) internal pure returns (uint256 u) {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            u := iszero(iszero(b))
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/Panic.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Helper library for emitting standardized panic codes.
 *
 * ```solidity
 * contract Example {
 *      using Panic for uint256;
 *
 *      // Use any of the declared internal constants
 *      function foo() { Panic.GENERIC.panic(); }
 *
 *      // Alternatively
 *      function foo() { Panic.panic(Panic.GENERIC); }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Follows the list from https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/blob/v0.8.24/libsolutil/ErrorCodes.h[libsolutil].
 *
 * _Available since v5.1._
 */
// slither-disable-next-line unused-state
library Panic {
    /// @dev generic / unspecified error
    uint256 internal constant GENERIC = 0x00;
    /// @dev used by the assert() builtin
    uint256 internal constant ASSERT = 0x01;
    /// @dev arithmetic underflow or overflow
    uint256 internal constant UNDER_OVERFLOW = 0x11;
    /// @dev division or modulo by zero
    uint256 internal constant DIVISION_BY_ZERO = 0x12;
    /// @dev enum conversion error
    uint256 internal constant ENUM_CONVERSION_ERROR = 0x21;
    /// @dev invalid encoding in storage
    uint256 internal constant STORAGE_ENCODING_ERROR = 0x22;
    /// @dev empty array pop
    uint256 internal constant EMPTY_ARRAY_POP = 0x31;
    /// @dev array out of bounds access
    uint256 internal constant ARRAY_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 0x32;
    /// @dev resource error (too large allocation or too large array)
    uint256 internal constant RESOURCE_ERROR = 0x41;
    /// @dev calling invalid internal function
    uint256 internal constant INVALID_INTERNAL_FUNCTION = 0x51;

    /// @dev Reverts with a panic code. Recommended to use with
    /// the internal constants with predefined codes.
    function panic(uint256 code) internal pure {
        assembly ("memory-safe") {
            mstore(0x00, 0x4e487b71)
            mstore(0x20, code)
            revert(0x1c, 0x24)
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.0.0) (utils/Pausable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

import {Context} from "../utils/Context.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which allows children to implement an emergency stop
 * mechanism that can be triggered by an authorized account.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the
 * modifiers `whenNotPaused` and `whenPaused`, which can be applied to
 * the functions of your contract. Note that they will not be pausable by
 * simply including this module, only once the modifiers are put in place.
 */
abstract contract Pausable is Context {
    bool private _paused;

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is triggered by `account`.
     */
    event Paused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is lifted by `account`.
     */
    event Unpaused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev The operation failed because the contract is paused.
     */
    error EnforcedPause();

    /**
     * @dev The operation failed because the contract is not paused.
     */
    error ExpectedPause();

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract in unpaused state.
     */
    constructor() {
        _paused = false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        _requireNotPaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        _requirePaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the contract is paused, and false otherwise.
     */
    function paused() public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _paused;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is paused.
     */
    function _requireNotPaused() internal view virtual {
        if (paused()) {
            revert EnforcedPause();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is not paused.
     */
    function _requirePaused() internal view virtual {
        if (!paused()) {
            revert ExpectedPause();
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Triggers stopped state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    function _pause() internal virtual whenNotPaused {
        _paused = true;
        emit Paused(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns to normal state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    function _unpause() internal virtual whenPaused {
        _paused = false;
        emit Unpaused(_msgSender());
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v5.1.0) (utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.20;

/**
 * @dev Contract module that helps prevent reentrant calls to a function.
 *
 * Inheriting from `ReentrancyGuard` will make the {nonReentrant} modifier
 * available, which can be applied to functions to make sure there are no nested
 * (reentrant) calls to them.
 *
 * Note that because there is a single `nonReentrant` guard, functions marked as
 * `nonReentrant` may not call one another. This can be worked around by making
 * those functions `private`, and then adding `external` `nonReentrant` entry
 * points to them.
 *
 * TIP: If EIP-1153 (transient storage) is available on the chain you're deploying at,
 * consider using {ReentrancyGuardTransient} instead.
 *
 * TIP: If you would like to learn more about reentrancy and alternative ways
 * to protect against it, check out our blog post
 * https://blog.openzeppelin.com/reentrancy-after-istanbul/[Reentrancy After Istanbul].
 */
abstract contract ReentrancyGuard {
    // Booleans are more expensive than uint256 or any type that takes up a full
    // word because each write operation emits an extra SLOAD to first read the
    // slot's contents, replace the bits taken up by the boolean, and then write
    // back. This is the compiler's defense against contract upgrades and
    // pointer aliasing, and it cannot be disabled.

    // The values being non-zero value makes deployment a bit more expensive,
    // but in exchange the refund on every call to nonReentrant will be lower in
    // amount. Since refunds are capped to a percentage of the total
    // transaction's gas, it is best to keep them low in cases like this one, to
    // increase the likelihood of the full refund coming into effect.
    uint256 private constant NOT_ENTERED = 1;
    uint256 private constant ENTERED = 2;

    uint256 private _status;

    /**
     * @dev Unauthorized reentrant call.
     */
    error ReentrancyGuardReentrantCall();

    constructor() {
        _status = NOT_ENTERED;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Prevents a contract from calling itself, directly or indirectly.
     * Calling a `nonReentrant` function from another `nonReentrant`
     * function is not supported. It is possible to prevent this from happening
     * by making the `nonReentrant` function external, and making it call a
     * `private` function that does the actual work.
     */
    modifier nonReentrant() {
        _nonReentrantBefore();
        _;
        _nonReentrantAfter();
    }

    function _nonReentrantBefore() private {
        // On the first call to nonReentrant, _status will be NOT_ENTERED
        if (_status == ENTERED) {
            revert ReentrancyGuardReentrantCall();
        }

        // Any calls to nonReentrant after this point will fail
        _status = ENTERED;
    }

    function _nonReentrantAfter() private {
        // By storing the original value once again, a refund is triggered (see
        // https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2200)
        _status = NOT_ENTERED;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the reentrancy guard is currently set to "entered", which indicates there is a
     * `nonReentrant` function in the call stack.
     */
    function _reentrancyGuardEntered() internal view returns (bool) {
        return _status == ENTERED;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity 0.8.24;

import {AccessControl} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/AccessControl.sol";
import {IERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import {SafeERC20} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import {ReentrancyGuard} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/ReentrancyGuard.sol";
import {Math} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import {Address} from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title Token Sale Registry
 * @dev Manages the lifecycle of token sale rounds, including referral programs and fund allocation.
 * This contract allows for the configuration of sale rounds, referral rates, and the claiming of referral rewards.
 * It implements AccessControl for administrative actions and utilizes SafeERC20 for token interactions.
 */
contract TokenSaleRegistry is AccessControl, ReentrancyGuard {
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20;
    using Address for address payable;

    /**
     * @notice Tracks the state of the token sale.
     * @dev Used to manage the lifecycle stages of a sale round within the contract.
     * @param Reset Initial state, no sale is active.
     * @param Started Sale round has started and is currently active.
     * @param Ended Sale round has completed, and no further sales are possible.
     */
    enum State {
        Reset,
        Started,
        Ended
    }

    /**
     * @notice Structure representing a sale round within the token sale.
     * @dev Stores details pertinent to a single round of the sale.
     * @param defined Boolean indicating if the round is defined, used to check initialization.
     * @param state Current state of the round, corresponding to the State enum.
     * @param sold Total number of tokens sold in this round.
     * @param supply Total number of tokens available for sale in this round.
     */
    struct Round {
        bool defined;
        State state;
        uint256 price;
        uint256 sold;
        uint256 supply;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Details about a referral account used in the token sale.
     * @dev Tracks whether a referral is active and the rates applicable for commission.
     * @param defined Boolean indicating if the referral account is set up in the system.
     * @param enabled Boolean indicating if the referral account is currently enabled.
     * @param primaryRefRate Referral rate for direct referrals, expressed as a percentage of the sale.
     * @param secondaryRefRate Referral rate for secondary referrals, affecting indirect sales influence.
     */
    struct Referral {
        bool defined;
        bool enabled;
        uint256 primaryRefRate;
        uint256 secondaryRefRate;
    }

    bytes32 public constant OPERATOR_ROLE = keccak256("OPERATOR_ROLE");
    address internal constant NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS = 0xEeeeeEeeeEeEeeEeEeEeeEEEeeeeEeeeeeeeEEeE;
    address internal constant TOKEN = 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001;
    uint256 internal constant MAX_ALLOCATION = 1e25;
    uint256 internal constant MIN_CONTRIBUTION = 49e18;

    address private _fundsManagementWallet;
    State private _state;

    Round[] private _rounds;
    uint256 private _currentRound;

    uint256 private _max;
    uint256 private _min;

    uint256 private _authLimit;
    mapping(address => bool) private _auth;

    uint256 private _primaryRefRate = 150;
    uint256 private _secondaryRefRate = 50;

    uint256 private _totalSold;
    mapping(address => uint256) private _funds;
    mapping(address => mapping(uint256 => uint256)) private _balances;

    mapping(address => Referral) private _refs;
    mapping(address => address) private _refsUsers;
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _refsBalances;

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the state of the token sale is updated.
     * @param state The new state of the token sale.
     */
    event StateUpdated(State state);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a new sale round starts.
     * @param round The index of the sale round that has started.
     */
    event SaleRoundStarted(uint256 indexed round);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a sale round ends.
     * @param round The index of the sale round that has ended.
     */
    event SaleRoundEnded(uint256 indexed round);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a new sale round is configured.
     * @param price The price per token.
     * @param supply The total supply of tokens for the round.
     */
    event SaleRoundConfigured(uint256 price, uint256 supply);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the pricing of a sale round is adjusted.
     * @param round The index of the sale round.
     * @param price The new price per token.
     */
    event SaleRoundPricingAdjusted(uint256 indexed round, uint256 price);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the token supply for a sale round is adjusted.
     * @param round The index of the sale round.
     * @param supply The new total supply for the round.
     */
    event SaleRoundSupplyAdjusted(uint256 indexed round, uint256 supply);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when native currency is retrieved from the contract.
     * @param amount The amount of native currency retrieved.
     */
    event NativeCurrencyRetrieved(uint256 amount);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when ERC20 tokens are retrieved from the contract.
     * @param token The address of the ERC20 token retrieved.
     * @param amount The amount of tokens retrieved.
     */
    event TokensRetrieved(address token, uint256 amount);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the authorization threshold for participants is updated.
     * @param limit The new authorization limit.
     */
    event AuthorizationThresholdUpdated(uint256 limit);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a user's authorization status is updated.
     * @param user The address of the user.
     * @param value The new authorization value (true for authorized, false for not authorized).
     */
    event AuthUserUpdated(address indexed user, bool value);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the maximum contribution limit is updated.
     * @param amount The new maximum contribution limit.
     */
    event MaxUpdated(uint256 amount);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the minimum contribution limit is updated.
     * @param amount The new minimum contribution limit.
     */
    event MinUpdated(uint256 amount);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when the funds management wallet address is updated.
     * @param fundsManagementWallet The new funds management wallet address.
     */
    event FundsManagementWalletUpdated(address indexed fundsManagementWallet);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when referral rates are configured.
     * @param primaryRefRate The primary referral rate.
     * @param secondaryRefRate The secondary referral rate.
     */
    event ReferralRatesConfigured(uint256 primaryRefRate, uint256 secondaryRefRate);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a new referral account is initialized.
     * @param ref The address of the referral.
     * @param primaryRefRate The primary referral rate for this account.
     * @param secondaryRefRate The secondary referral rate for this account.
     */
    event ReferralAccountInitialized(address indexed ref, uint256 primaryRefRate, uint256 secondaryRefRate);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a referral account is enabled.
     * @param ref The address of the referral account that was enabled.
     */
    event ReferralEnabled(address indexed ref);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when a referral account is disabled.
     * @param ref The address of the referral account that was disabled.
     */
    event ReferralDisabled(address indexed ref);

    /**
     * @notice Emitted when referral rewards are claimed.
     * @param ref The address of the referral claiming the rewards.
     * @param token The token in which the rewards are claimed.
     * @param amount The amount of rewards claimed.
     */
    event ReferralRewardsClaimed(address indexed ref, address indexed token, uint256 amount);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an operation is attempted with invalid parameters.
     */
    error ErrInvalidParameters();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an operation is attempted to start a sale that has already been started.
     */
    error ErrSaleAlreadyStarted();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an operation is attempted on a sale that is not active.
     */
    error ErrSaleNotActive();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when a zero address is used where a valid address is required.
     */
    error ErrNullAddress();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when a specified sale round does not exist.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round.
     */
    error ErrUndefinedSaleRound(uint256 index_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an operation is attempted on a sale round that has already started.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round.
     */
    error ErrRoundStarted(uint256 index_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an invalid price is set (e.g., zero).
     */
    error ErrInvalidPrice();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an invalid supply is set (e.g., zero).
     */
    error ErrInvalidSupply();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an operation is attempted on a sale round that has already ended.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round.
     */
    error ErrRoundEnded(uint256 index_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when there is insufficient supply in a sale round for an operation.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round.
     */
    error ErrInsufficientRoundSupply(uint256 index_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the amount provided is below the required minimum.
     * @param amount_ The amount provided.
     * @param min_ The minimum required amount.
     */
    error ErrMin(uint256 amount_, uint256 min_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the amount provided exceeds the allowed maximum.
     * @param amount_ The amount provided.
     * @param max_ The maximum allowed amount.
     */
    error ErrMax(uint256 amount_, uint256 max_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the authorization limit is set outside the allowed range.
     * @param limit_ The authorization limit.
     * @param min_ The minimum allowed limit.
     * @param max_ The maximum allowed limit.
     */
    error ErrAuthLimitOutsideAllowedRange(uint256 limit_, uint256 min_, uint256 max_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when the total of referral rates exceeds the limit of 100%.
     * @param rates_ The total referral rates.
     */
    error ErrReferralRatesExceedLimit(uint256 rates_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an undefined referral account is referenced.
     * @param ref_ The referral account address.
     */
    error ErrUndefinedReferralAccount(address ref_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when trying to enable an already enabled referral account.
     * @param ref_ The referral account address.
     */
    error ErrReferralAlreadyEnabled(address ref_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when trying to disable a referral account that is not enabled.
     * @param ref_ The referral account address.
     */
    error ErrReferralNotEnabled(address ref_);

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when an empty list of tokens is used where it is not permitted.
     */
    error ErrEmptyTokenList();

    /**
     * @notice Thrown when a transfer of funds fails.
     */
    error ErrTransferFailure();

    /**
     * @notice Initializes the TokenSaleRegistry with the specified funds management wallet.
     * @param fundsManagementWallet_ The wallet that will manage the funds collected from token sales. Must be a non-zero address.
     * @dev Sets up the initial admin and operator roles and assigns them to the message sender. Ensures that the contract starts
     * in a predictable state.
     */
    constructor(address fundsManagementWallet_) {
        if (fundsManagementWallet_ == address(0)) {
            revert ErrNullAddress();
        }
        _fundsManagementWallet = fundsManagementWallet_;

        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, _msgSender());
        _grantRole(OPERATOR_ROLE, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @notice Activates the token sale, allowing rounds to be configured and started.
     * @dev Transitions the contract state from 'Reset' to 'Started'. This change is crucial as it permits the creation and management
     * of sale rounds.
     * Reverts if attempting to activate when already active to prevent reinitialization of the sale process.
     * Emits a {StateUpdated} event on success.
     */
    function activateSale() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_state != State.Reset) {
            revert ErrSaleAlreadyStarted();
        }
        _state = State.Started;

        emit StateUpdated(_state);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Deactivates the token sale, preventing any new rounds from starting.
     * @dev Sets the contract state to `Ended`. Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * Reverts if the contract is already inactive.
     * Emits a {StateUpdated} event on success.
     */
    function deactivateSale() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (!isActive()) {
            revert ErrSaleNotActive();
        }
        _state = State.Ended;

        emit StateUpdated(_state);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Processes and records a sale transaction, distributing rewards if applicable.
     * @dev This function can only be called by an account with the `OPERATOR_ROLE`. It handles the processing of sales,
     * updates the total sold amount, participant's funds, and manages referral rewards if a valid referral is provided.
     * Refactoring involves separate functions for processing sales, recording, and updating referrals.
     * @param user_ The address of the user participating in the sale.
     * @param token_ The token in which the sale is conducted.
     * @param amount_ The amount of funds involved in the transaction.
     * @param sold_ The amount of tokens sold in this transaction.
     * @param ref_ The referral's address, if any.
     * @param primaryReward_ The 'SNOVA' reward amount for the referral.
     * @param secondaryReward_ The COIN reward amount based on the sale amount.
     */
    function processAndRecordSale(
        address user_,
        address token_,
        uint256 amount_,
        uint256 sold_,
        address ref_,
        uint256 primaryReward_,
        uint256 secondaryReward_
    ) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) {
        processSale(user_, amount_, sold_);
        recordReferral(ref_);

        if (ref_ != address(0)) {
            updateReferralRewards(ref_, token_, primaryReward_, secondaryReward_);
        }
        _refsUsers[user_] = ref_;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Allows referral accounts to claim their accrued rewards for specified tokens.
     * @dev Can only be executed by the referral account itself. It transfers the accrued rewards for each token specified in the `tokens_` array.
     * @param tokens_ An array of token addresses for which to claim rewards.
     * Reverts if the caller has no rewards to claim for a specified token or if the referral account is not enabled.
     * Emits a {ReferralRewardsClaimed} event for each token with rewards being claimed.
     */
    function claimRef(address[] calldata tokens_) external nonReentrant {
        address ref_ = _msgSender();

        if (tokens_.length == 0) {
            revert ErrEmptyTokenList();
        }
        if (!_refs[ref_].defined) {
            revert ErrUndefinedReferralAccount(ref_);
        }
        if (!_refs[ref_].enabled) {
            revert ErrReferralNotEnabled(ref_);
        }

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < tokens_.length; i++) {
            address token = tokens_[i];
            uint256 balance = _refsBalances[ref_][token];

            if (balance == 0) {
                continue;
            }

            _refsBalances[ref_][token] = 0;

            if (token == NATIVE_CURRENCY_ADDRESS) {
                payable(ref_).sendValue(balance);
            } else {
                IERC20(token).safeTransfer(ref_, balance);
            }

            emit ReferralRewardsClaimed(ref_, token, balance);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Configures a new sale round with specified prices and supply.
     * @dev Adds validation to prevent setting the price or supply to zero.
     * @param price_ The price for the 'SNOVA' token.
     * @param supply_ The total token supply for the round.
     * Reverts with `ErrInvalidPrice` if the price is zero.
     * Reverts with `ErrInvalidSupply` if the supply is zero.
     * Emits a {SaleRoundConfigured} event on success.
     */
    function configureSaleRound(uint256 price_, uint256 supply_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (isInactive()) {
            revert ErrSaleNotActive();
        }
        if (price_ == 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidPrice();
        }
        if (supply_ == 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidSupply();
        }
        _rounds.push(Round({defined: true, state: State.Reset, price: price_, sold: 0, supply: supply_}));

        emit SaleRoundConfigured(price_, supply_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the referral rates for primary and secondary referrals.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`. Rates are expressed in tenths of a percent (i.e., 10 equals 1%).
     * @param primaryRefRate_ The referral rate for primary referrals, determining the percentage of the sale amount credited as a reward.
     * @param secondaryRefRate_ The referral rate for secondary referrals, used to calculate secondary rewards based on the sale amount.
     * Emits a {ReferralRatesConfigured} event on success.
     */
    function configureReferralRates(
        uint256 primaryRefRate_,
        uint256 secondaryRefRate_
    ) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (isInactive()) {
            revert ErrSaleNotActive();
        }
        uint256 refRatesSum = primaryRefRate_ + secondaryRefRate_;
        if (refRatesSum > 1000) {
            revert ErrReferralRatesExceedLimit(refRatesSum);
        }
        _primaryRefRate = primaryRefRate_;
        _secondaryRefRate = secondaryRefRate_;

        emit ReferralRatesConfigured(_primaryRefRate, _secondaryRefRate);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Initializes referral accounts with specific primary and secondary referral rates.
     * @dev Configures each referral account provided in the `refs_` array with rates specified in `primaryRefRate_` and `secondaryRefRate_` arrays.
     *      This method should be used carefully as it directly affects the incentives structure.
     * @param refs_ Array of addresses to be set up as referral accounts.
     * @param primaryRefRate_ Array of primary referral rates corresponding to each address in `refs_`.
     * @param secondaryRefRate_ Array of secondary referral rates corresponding to each address in `refs_`.
     * Emits a {ReferralAccountInitialized} event for each referral account on success.
     */
    function initializeReferralAccounts(
        address[] calldata refs_,
        uint256[] calldata primaryRefRate_,
        uint256[] calldata secondaryRefRate_
    ) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) {
        if (isInactive()) {
            revert ErrSaleNotActive();
        }
        if (refs_.length != primaryRefRate_.length || refs_.length != secondaryRefRate_.length) {
            revert ErrInvalidParameters();
        }
        for (uint256 index = 0; index < refs_.length; index++) {
            _refs[refs_[index]] = Referral({
                defined: true,
                enabled: true,
                primaryRefRate: primaryRefRate_[index],
                secondaryRefRate: secondaryRefRate_[index]
            });

            emit ReferralAccountInitialized(refs_[index], primaryRefRate_[index], secondaryRefRate_[index]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Adjusts the pricing for a specific sale round.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`. The round must exist and be in the `Reset` state.
     * Adds validation to prevent setting the price to zero.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round to adjust.
     * @param price_ The new investment price.
     * Reverts with `ErrInvalidPrice` if the price is zero.
     * Reverts if the sale is not active, the round does not exist, or the round is not in the `Reset` state.
     * Emits a {SaleRoundPricingAdjusted} event on success.
     */
    function adjustRoundPricing(uint256 index_, uint256 price_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (isInactive()) {
            revert ErrSaleNotActive();
        }
        if (!_rounds[index_].defined) {
            revert ErrUndefinedSaleRound(index_);
        }
        if (_rounds[index_].state != State.Reset) {
            revert ErrRoundStarted(index_);
        }
        if (price_ == 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidPrice();
        }
        _rounds[index_].price = price_;

        emit SaleRoundPricingAdjusted(index_, price_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Adjusts the supply for a specific sale round.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`. The round must exist and cannot be in the `Ended` state.
     * Adds validation to prevent setting the supply to zero.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round to adjust.
     * @param supply_ The new supply for the round.
     * Reverts with `ErrInvalidSupply` if the supply is zero.
     * Reverts if the sale is not active, the round does not exist, or the round is in the `Ended` state.
     * Emits a {SaleRoundSupplyAdjusted} event on success.
     */
    function adjustRoundSupply(uint256 index_, uint256 supply_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (isInactive()) {
            revert ErrSaleNotActive();
        }
        if (!_rounds[index_].defined) {
            revert ErrUndefinedSaleRound(index_);
        }
        if (_rounds[index_].state == State.Ended) {
            revert ErrRoundEnded(index_);
        }
        if (_rounds[index_].sold > supply_) {
            revert ErrInsufficientRoundSupply(index_);
        }
        if (supply_ == 0) {
            revert ErrInvalidSupply();
        }
        _rounds[index_].supply = supply_;

        emit SaleRoundSupplyAdjusted(index_, supply_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Starts a specific sale round, allowing tokens to be sold.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `OPERATOR_ROLE`. The round must exist and be in the `Reset` state.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round to start.
     * Reverts if the sale is not active, the round does not exist, or the round is not in the `Reset` state.
     * Emits a {SaleRoundStarted} event on success.
     */
    function startSaleRound(uint256 index_) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) {
        if (!isActive()) {
            revert ErrSaleNotActive();
        }
        if (!_rounds[index_].defined) {
            revert ErrUndefinedSaleRound(index_);
        }
        if (_rounds[index_].state != State.Reset) {
            revert ErrRoundStarted(index_);
        }
        if (_rounds[_currentRound].state == State.Started) {
            _rounds[_currentRound].state = State.Ended;
        }
        _rounds[index_].state = State.Started;
        _currentRound = index_;

        emit SaleRoundStarted(index_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Ends a specific sale round, stopping any further token sales.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `OPERATOR_ROLE`. The round must exist and be in the `Started` state.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round to end.
     * Reverts if the round does not exist or is not in the `Started` state.
     * Emits a {SaleRoundEnded} event on success.
     */
    function endSaleRound(uint256 index_) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) {
        if (!_rounds[index_].defined) {
            revert ErrUndefinedSaleRound(index_);
        }
        if (_rounds[index_].state != State.Started) {
            revert ErrRoundEnded(index_);
        }
        _rounds[index_].state = State.Ended;

        emit SaleRoundEnded(index_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the maximum allocation allowed per participant.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @param amount_ The new maximum allocation amount.
     * Reverts if `amount_` is greater than `MAX_ALLOCATION` or less than the current minimum contribution limit.
     * Emits a {MaxUpdated} event on success.
     */
    function updateMaximumAllocation(uint256 amount_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (amount_ > MAX_ALLOCATION) {
            revert ErrMax(amount_, MAX_ALLOCATION);
        }
        if (amount_ < _min) {
            revert ErrMin(amount_, _min);
        }
        _max = amount_;

        emit MaxUpdated(_max);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the minimum contribution required to participate in the sale.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @param amount_ The new minimum contribution amount.
     * Reverts if `amount_` is less than `MIN_CONTRIBUTION` or greater than the current maximum allocation limit.
     * Emits a {MinUpdated} event on success.
     */

    function updateMinimumContribution(uint256 amount_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (amount_ < MIN_CONTRIBUTION) {
            revert ErrMin(amount_, MIN_CONTRIBUTION);
        }
        if (amount_ > _max) {
            revert ErrMax(amount_, _max);
        }
        _min = amount_;

        emit MinUpdated(_min);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Sets the threshold for which participants are automatically authorized.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @param amount_ The new authorization threshold amount.
     * Reverts if `amount_` is not within the bounds of the minimum and maximum contribution limits.
     * Emits an {AuthorizationThresholdUpdated} event on success.
     */
    function updateAuthorizationThreshold(uint256 amount_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (_min > amount_ || amount_ > _max) {
            revert ErrAuthLimitOutsideAllowedRange(amount_, _min, _max);
        }
        _authLimit = amount_;

        emit AuthorizationThresholdUpdated(amount_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Authorizes or deauthorizes a participant for the token sale.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `OPERATOR_ROLE`.
     * @param user_ The address of the participant to authorize or deauthorize.
     * @param value_ A boolean where `true` authorizes the participant and `false` deauthorizes them.
     * Emits an {AuthUserUpdated} event on success.
     */
    function authorizeParticipant(address user_, bool value_) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) {
        _auth[user_] = value_;

        emit AuthUserUpdated(user_, value_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Batch authorizes or deauthorizes participants for the token sale.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `OPERATOR_ROLE`.
     * @param users_ The addresses of the participants to authorize or deauthorize.
     * @param values_ An array of booleans where `true` authorizes and `false` deauthorizes the corresponding participant.
     * Reverts if the length of `users_` and `values_` arrays do not match.
     * Emits an {AuthUserUpdated} event for each participant on success.
     */

    function batchAuthorizeParticipants(
        address[] calldata users_,
        bool[] calldata values_
    ) external onlyRole(OPERATOR_ROLE) {
        if (users_.length != values_.length) {
            revert ErrInvalidParameters();
        }
        for (uint256 index = 0; index < users_.length; index++) {
            _auth[users_[index]] = values_[index];

            emit AuthUserUpdated(users_[index], values_[index]);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Updates the wallet address used for managing funds collected from the sale.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @param fundsManagementWallet_ The new funds management wallet address.
     * Reverts if `fundsManagementWallet_` is the zero address.
     * Emits a {FundsManagementWalletUpdated} event on success.
     */
    function updateFundsWallet(address fundsManagementWallet_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (fundsManagementWallet_ == address(0)) {
            revert ErrNullAddress();
        }
        _fundsManagementWallet = fundsManagementWallet_;

        emit FundsManagementWalletUpdated(fundsManagementWallet_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Enables a referral account, allowing it to receive referral rewards.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`. Marks a referral as enabled.
     * @param ref_ The address of the referral account to enable.
     * Reverts if the referral account is already enabled or undefined.
     * Emits a {ReferralEnabled} event upon success.
     */
    function enableReferral(address ref_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (!_refs[ref_].defined) {
            revert ErrUndefinedReferralAccount(ref_);
        }
        if (_refs[ref_].enabled) {
            revert ErrReferralAlreadyEnabled(ref_);
        }
        _refs[ref_].enabled = true;

        emit ReferralEnabled(ref_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Disables a referral account, preventing it from receiving further referral rewards.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`. Marks a referral as disabled.
     * @param ref_ The address of the referral account to disable.
     * Reverts if the referral account is already disabled or undefined.
     * Emits a {ReferralDisabled} event upon success.
     */
    function disableReferral(address ref_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) {
        if (!_refs[ref_].defined) {
            revert ErrUndefinedReferralAccount(ref_);
        }
        if (!_refs[ref_].enabled) {
            revert ErrReferralNotEnabled(ref_);
        }
        _refs[ref_].enabled = false;

        emit ReferralDisabled(ref_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves native currency sent to the contract.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @notice Requires successful transfer to the caller.
     * Emits a {NativeCurrencyRetrieved} event on successful retrieval.
     */
    function retrieveNativeCurrency() external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) nonReentrant {
        uint256 balance = address(this).balance;
        Address.sendValue(payable(_msgSender()), balance);
        emit NativeCurrencyRetrieved(balance);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves ERC20 tokens sent to the contract.
     * @dev Can only be called by an account with the `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`.
     * @param token_ The address of the ERC20 token to retrieve.
     * @param amount_ The amount of tokens to retrieve.
     * Emits a {TokensRetrieved} event on successful retrieval.
     */
    function retrieveTokens(address token_, uint256 amount_) external onlyRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE) nonReentrant {
        IERC20(token_).safeTransfer(_msgSender(), amount_);
        emit TokensRetrieved(token_, amount_);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the address of the funds management wallet.
     * @dev Getter function for the address where the funds collected from the sales are managed.
     * @return The address of the funds management wallet.
     */
    function getFundsWallet() external view returns (address) {
        return _fundsManagementWallet;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the maximum allowed allocation per participant in the token sale.
     * @dev This getter function provides the maximum amount a participant can contribute to the token sale.
     * @return The maximum allocation amount in the token sale's currency.
     */
    function getMax() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _max;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the minimum required contribution for participating in the token sale.
     * @dev This getter function provides the minimum amount required to participate in the token sale.
     * @return The minimum contribution amount in the token sale's currency.
     */
    function getMin() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _min;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Provides detailed information about a specific sale round.
     * @dev Fetches round data, including prices and state, based on the round index provided.
     * @param index_ The index of the sale round to retrieve information for.
     * @return A `Round` struct containing details about the specified sale round.
     * Reverts if the round index is out of bounds.
     */
    function getRound(uint256 index_) external view returns (Round memory) {
        return _rounds[index_];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the total number of sale rounds configured in the contract.
     * @dev Provides a count of how many rounds have been added to the sale, regardless of their state.
     * @return The total number of sale rounds.
     */
    function getRoundsCount() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _rounds.length;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the identifier of the currently active sale round.
     * @dev This function provides the index of the currently active round. Rounds are indexed starting from 0.
     * @return The index of the currently active sale round.
     */
    function getCurrentRound() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _currentRound;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the total amount of tokens sold across all rounds.
     * @dev Sums up the total tokens sold in all rounds to give a cumulative figure.
     * @return The total amount of tokens sold in the token sale.
     */
    function getTotalSold() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSold;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Checks the amount of tokens a user has purchased in a specific sale round.
     * @dev Provides the number of tokens a given user has bought in a particular round.
     * @param user_ The address of the user.
     * @param round_ The index of the sale round.
     * @return The number of tokens purchased by the user in the specified round.
     */
    function balanceOf(address user_, uint256 round_) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[user_][round_];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the referral rewards balance for a user in a specific token.
     * @dev Indicates how much of a particular token a user has earned as referral rewards.
     * @param user_ The address of the user or referral.
     * @param token_ The token for which the referral balance is queried.
     * @return The referral rewards balance for the user in the specified token.
     */
    function refBalanceOf(address user_, address token_) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _refsBalances[user_][token_];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the total amount of funds a user has contributed to the sale.
     * @dev Provides the cumulative contribution amount of a user across all sale rounds.
     * @param user_ The address of the user.
     * @return The total contribution amount of the user in the token sale's currency.
     */
    function getFundsOfUser(address user_) external view returns (uint256) {
        return _funds[user_];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the remaining allocation a user is allowed to contribute.
     * @dev Determines how much more a user can contribute based on their current contributions and the authorization limit.
     * @param user_ The address of the user.
     * @return The remaining amount the user is allowed to contribute.
     */
    function limitOf(address user_) external view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 amount = _funds[user_];
        uint256 limit = _authLimit;
        if (isAuth(user_)) {
            limit = _max;
        }
        return amount < limit ? limit - amount : 0;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates the maximum limit a user can contribute based on their current contributions.
     * @dev Determines the maximum amount a user is still allowed to contribute towards the sale.
     * @param user_ The address of the participant.
     * @return The maximum remaining contribution amount for the user.
     */
    function maxLimitOf(address user_) external view returns (uint256) {
        uint256 amount = _funds[user_];
        return amount < _max ? _max - amount : 0;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Returns the authorization limit for participants.
     * @dev Provides the threshold above which users need special authorization to contribute.
     * @return The authorization limit for contributions.
     */
    function getAuthLimit() external view returns (uint256) {
        return _authLimit;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Determines the referral associated with a user or transaction.
     * @dev Identifies the referral, if any, responsible for a user's participation in the sale.
     * @param user_ The address of the user whose referral is to be identified.
     * @param ref_ A potential referral address provided by the user.
     * @return The address of the referral, if valid and enabled; otherwise, the zero address.
     */
    function getRef(address user_, address ref_) external view returns (address) {
        Referral memory ref = _refs[_refsUsers[user_]];
        if (ref.defined && ref.enabled) {
            return _refsUsers[user_];
        }
        ref = _refs[ref_];
        if (!ref.defined || ref.enabled) {
            return ref_;
        }
        return address(0);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Provides the detailed referral structure for a given referral account.
     * @dev Fetches detailed referral information, including rates and enabled status.
     * @param user_ The address of the referral account.
     * @return The `Referral` struct containing detailed information about the referral.
     */
    function getReferralStruct(address user_) external view returns (Referral memory) {
        return _refs[user_];
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the referral rates for a specific referral account.
     * @dev Provides the custom referral rates set for a specific referral, if defined; otherwise, returns the global rates.
     * @param ref_ The address of the referral account.
     * @return The primary and secondary referral rates for the specified account.
     */
    function getRefRates(address ref_) external view returns (uint256, uint256) {
        Referral memory ref = _refs[ref_];
        if (ref.defined) {
            return (Math.max(ref.primaryRefRate, _primaryRefRate), Math.max(ref.secondaryRefRate, _secondaryRefRate));
        }
        return (_primaryRefRate, _secondaryRefRate);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves global referral rates for the sale.
     * @dev Provides the default referral rates applied to all referrals unless overridden.
     * @return The primary and secondary referral rates.
     */
    function getGlobalRefRates() external view returns (uint256, uint256) {
        return (_primaryRefRate, _secondaryRefRate);
    }

    /**
     * @notice Checks if the token sale is currently active.
     * @dev Utility function to determine if the sale is in the `Started` state.
     * @return `true` if the sale is active, `false` otherwise.
     */
    function isActive() public view returns (bool) {
        return _state == State.Started;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Checks if the token sale is currently inactive or ended.
     * @dev Utility function to determine if the sale is in the `Ended` state.
     * @return `true` if the sale is inactive, `false` otherwise.
     */
    function isInactive() public view returns (bool) {
        return _state == State.Ended;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Retrieves the sale price for tokens.
     * @dev Provides the price for the currently active round.
     * @return The sale price per token for the currently active round.
     */
    function getPrice() public view returns (uint256) {
        if (_rounds[_currentRound].state == State.Started) {
            return _rounds[_currentRound].price;
        }
        return 0;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Checks if a user is authorized for '_max' contributions.
     * @dev Determines if a user has been marked as authorized to bypass the standard contribution limit.
     * @param user_ The address of the user to check.
     * @return `true` if the user is authorized, `false` otherwise.
     */
    function isAuth(address user_) public view returns (bool) {
        return _auth[user_];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates the internal accounting for the sale, including total funds received and tokens sold.
     * @param user_ The address of the user participating in the sale.
     * @param amount_ The amount of funds involved in the transaction.
     * @param sold_ The amount of tokens sold in this transaction.
     */
    function processSale(address user_, uint256 amount_, uint256 sold_) private {
        _funds[user_] += amount_;
        _totalSold += sold_;
        _rounds[_currentRound].sold += sold_;
        _balances[user_][_currentRound] += sold_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates the referral rewards balances for the given referral.
     * @param ref_ The address of the referral.
     * @param token_ The token in which the sale is conducted.
     * @param primaryReward_ The 'SNOVA' reward amount for the referral.
     * @param secondaryReward_ The COIN reward amount based on the sale amount.
     */
    function updateReferralRewards(
        address ref_,
        address token_,
        uint256 primaryReward_,
        uint256 secondaryReward_
    ) private {
        _refsBalances[ref_][token_] += primaryReward_;
        _refsBalances[ref_][TOKEN] += secondaryReward_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Handles referral initialization and updates the referral tracking if applicable.
     * @param ref_ The referral's address, if any.
     */
    function recordReferral(address ref_) private {
        if (ref_ != address(0) && !_refs[ref_].defined) {
            _refs[ref_].defined = true;
            _refs[ref_].enabled = true;
            emit ReferralAccountInitialized(ref_, _primaryRefRate, _secondaryRefRate);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Fallback function to allow the contract to receive Ether directly.
     */
    receive() external payable {}
}

{
  "optimizer": {
    "enabled": true,
    "runs": 200
  },
  "viaIR": true,
  "evmVersion": "paris",
  "outputSelection": {
    "*": {
      "*": [
        "evm.bytecode",
        "evm.deployedBytecode",
        "devdoc",
        "userdoc",
        "metadata",
        "abi"
      ]
    }
  },
  "libraries": {}
}

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0000000000000000000000008a7042dfbb8de81c8062cff9ca9f013827b9e49c0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001518

-----Decoded View---------------
Arg [0] : storage_ (address): 0x8a7042dfbB8de81C8062cfF9ca9F013827B9e49C
Arg [1] : priceThresholdSeconds_ (uint256): 5400

-----Encoded View---------------
2 Constructor Arguments found :
Arg [0] : 0000000000000000000000008a7042dfbb8de81c8062cff9ca9f013827b9e49c
Arg [1] : 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001518